Reduced ovarian reserve relates to monocyte activation and subclinical coronary atherosclerotic plaque in women with HIV

Abstract

Objective: To investigate differences in subclinical coronary atherosclerotic plaque and markers of immune activation among HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected women categorized by degree of ovarian reserve and menopause status.

Design: Cross-sectional evaluation.

Methods: Seventy-four women (49 HIV-infected, 25 non-HIV-infected) without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) were classified as premenopausal, premenopausal with reduced ovarian reserve, or postmenopausal based on menstrual history and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Participants underwent contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography and immune phenotyping. Comparisons in coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and immune markers were made between the HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected women overall and within the HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected women by reproductive classification group.

Results: Among the overall group of HIV-infected women, the women with reduced ovarian reserve (undetectable AMH) had a higher prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic plaque (52 versus 6%, P = 0.0007) and noncalcified plaque (48 versus 6%, P = 0.002), as well as higher levels of log sCD163 (P = 0.0004) and log MCP-1 (P = 0.006), compared with the premenopausal women with measurable AMH. Furthermore, reduced ovarian reserve in the HIV-infected group related to noncalcified plaque, controlling for traditional CVD risk factors (P = 0.04) and sCD163 (P = 0.03).

Conclusion: HIV-infected women with reduced ovarian reserve have increased subclinical coronary atherosclerotic plaque compared with premenopausal women in whom AMH is measurable. This relationship holds when controlling for CVD risk factors (including age) and immune activation. Our findings demonstrate that reduced ovarian reserve may contribute to CVD burden in HIV-infected women and support a comprehensive assessment of CVD risk prior to completion of menopause in this population.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00455793.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1AReproductive Aging Classification Scheme. Women with menses within the past 12 months and with detectable AMH levels (≥0.023 ng/mL) were classified as premenopausal with measurable AMH (Group 1). Women with menses within the past 12 months and with undetectable AMH levels (< 0.023 ng/mL) were classified as premenopausal with reduced ovarian reserve (Group 2). Women with greater than or equal to 1 year of amenorrhea and undetectable AMH levels (< 0.023 ng/mL) were classified as postmenopausal (Group 3). Figure 1B: Reproductive Aging Classification of Women with and without HIV Infection. Group 1 represents premenopausal women with measurable AMH (35% HIV-infected, 40% non-HIV-infected); Group 2 represents premenopausal women with reduced ovarian reserve/undetectable AMH (14% HIV-infected, 20% non-HIV-infected); Group 3 represents postmenopausal women (51% HIV-infected, 40% non-HIV-infected).