Modeling change in memory performance and memory perceptions: findings from the ACTIVE study

Abstract

Within the context of the ACTIVE study, the current investigation explored the relationships between objective memory and two components of subjective memory (frequency of forgetting and use of external aids) over a five-year period. Relationships were assessed using parallel process latent growth curve models. Results indicated that changes in objective memory were associated with changes in perceived frequency of forgetting, but not with use of external aids (calendars, reminder notes) over time. Findings suggest that memory complaints may accurately reflect decline in objective memory performance, but that these memory changes are not necessarily related to compensatory behaviors.

Figures

Figure 1. Parallel Process Latent Growth Model of Subjective and Objective Memory

Parallel process model of objective and subjective growth processes across six measurement occasions. Latent variables were regressed on covariates, which included age, education, sex, self-rated health, race, and depressive symptoms, measured at baseline. Residual variance components (error variances) are shown by smaller arrows going towards the observed (boxed) and latent (circled) dependent variable components in the model. Numbers on arrows going from latent growth parameters to observed time points indicate factor loadings. OBJ = objective memory; MFQ = Memory Functioning Questionnaire (subjective memory); T = time of assessment.