Inflammation and social experience: an inflammatory challenge induces feelings of social disconnection in addition to depressed mood

Abstract

Although research has established links between feelings of social isolation and inflammation, the direction of these effects is unclear. Based on the role that proinflammatory cytokines play in initiating "sickness behavior," which includes symptoms such as social withdrawal, it is possible that inflammatory processes heighten feelings of 'social disconnection.' Here, we examined whether exposure to an inflammatory challenge increased self-reported feelings of social disconnection. In addition, because both inflammatory processes and feelings of social disconnection contribute to depressive symptoms, we also explored whether increases in feelings of social disconnection played a role in the link between inflammation and depressed mood. Participants were randomly assigned to either receive endotoxin, an inflammatory challenge, or placebo. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) were collected at baseline and then hourly for 6h. Participants completed self-reports of sickness symptoms ("fatigue"), social disconnection ("I feel disconnected from others"), and depressed mood ("unhappy") hourly. Results revealed that endotoxin led to significant increases (from baseline) in IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels as well as feelings of social disconnection and depressed mood. Moreover, controlling for increases in social disconnection eliminated the relationship between exposure to inflammatory challenge and depressed mood. This study demonstrates that inflammation can have social psychological consequences, which may play a role in cytokine-related depressive symptoms.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no financial gain related to the outcome of this research, and there are no potential conflicts of interest.

Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Changes over time in the endotoxin and placebo groups in: (A) plasma levels of IL-6 (raw values that have not been log-transformed; previously reported in Eisenberger et al., 2009), (B) plasma levels of TNF-α (note that values for T1 and T3-T6 do not include data for all placebo subjects), (C) oral temperature, (D) self-reported sickness symptoms, (E) self-reported feelings of social disconnection, and (F) self-reported depressed mood (previously reported in Eisenberger et al., 2009). Time points with asterisks indicate significant time (baseline vs. each subsequent time point) by condition interactions.

Figure 2

Changes over time in the endotoxin and placebo groups in self-reported feelings of social disconnection for (A) females and (B) males. Time points with asterisks indicate significant between-group (endotoxin vs. placebo) differences.