Frontal Plane Knee Projection Angle and Functional Performance in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players (FPPA-DBA)
Investigation of the Relationship Between Frontal Plane Knee Projection Angle and Dynamic Balance, Agility, and Ankle Dorsiflexion Mobility in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players
This observational study aims to examine the relationship between frontal plane knee projection angle, dynamic balance, agility performance, and ankle dorsiflexion mobility in adolescent female volleyball players. Frontal plane knee projection angle will be assessed during a single-leg squat using two-dimensional video analysis. Dynamic balance will be evaluated with the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test, agility with the T-Test, and ankle dorsiflexion mobility with the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test.
All measurements will be completed in a single session under standardized field conditions, and no intervention or experimental treatment will be applied. By investigating how frontal plane knee alignment is associated with functional performance measures, this study may help improve the understanding of biomechanical factors related to movement quality and injury risk in adolescent female volleyball players.
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Descrizione dettagliata
This observational, cross-sectional study aims to investigate the relationship between frontal plane knee projection angle (FPPA), dynamic balance, agility performance, and ankle dorsiflexion mobility in adolescent female volleyball players. Volleyball is a sport that requires repeated jumping, landing, lateral movements, and rapid changes of direction, which place considerable biomechanical demands on the lower extremities. In adolescent female athletes, lower-limb movement patterns may be influenced by growth, maturation, and neuromuscular control, making this population important for biomechanical assessment.
The primary study variable will be frontal plane knee projection angle, assessed during a single-leg squat using two-dimensional video analysis. Secondary measures will include dynamic balance assessed with the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test, agility assessed with the T-Test, and ankle dorsiflexion mobility assessed with the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test. All assessments will be completed in a single session under standardized field conditions. No intervention, treatment, or experimental exercise program will be applied.
The study is designed to explore whether frontal plane knee alignment is associated with functional performance measures in adolescent female volleyball players. A better understanding of these relationships may contribute to the identification of biomechanical characteristics related to lower-extremity movement quality and potential injury risk in this population.
Tipo di studio
Iscrizione (Effettivo)
Contatti e Sedi
Luoghi di studio
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Ödemiş
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Izmir, Ödemiş, Turchia (Türkiye), 35750
- AB Volleyball Academy
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Criteri di partecipazione
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
- Bambino
- Adulto
Accetta volontari sani
Metodo di campionamento
Popolazione di studio
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being female and between 10 and 19 years of age
- Participating in regular volleyball training at least 3 days per week
- Having reached menarche
Exclusion Criteria:
- Having sustained a lower extremity injury within the previous 6 months
- Having a history of lower extremity surgery
- Using medication that could affect balance, attention, or physical performance
- Having a neurological, orthopedic, or systemic condition that could affect performance
Piano di studio
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
Coorti e interventi
Gruppo / Coorte |
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Adolescent Female Volleyball Players
Adolescent female volleyball players who were regularly training at AB Volleyball Academy and participated in this observational study.
All participants completed biomechanical and functional assessments in a single session, including frontal plane knee projection angle during a single-leg squat, dynamic balance, agility, and ankle dorsiflexion mobility measurements.
No intervention or experimental treatment was applied.
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Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
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Frontal Plane Projection Angle
Lasso di tempo: At a single assesment sessiomn
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Frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was assessed using SparkMotion software.
FPPA was calculated from the angle between a line from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the midpoint of the patella and a line from the patellar midpoint to the midpoint between the medial and lateral malleoli; this value was subtracted from 360° to obtain FPPA.
Values ≥195° were descriptively classified as increased FPPA.
Frontal-plane video was recorded using an iPad mounted on a tripod positioned 3 m from the participant and 1 m above the ground.
Participants performed a single-leg squat with arms crossed over the chest at a metronome-paced tempo (2 s descent, 2 s ascent).
FPPA was measured at the deepest squat position reached while maintaining balance.
After 3 practice trials, 5 consecutive recorded squats were performed, and the third trial was used for analysis.
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At a single assesment sessiomn
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Misure di risultato secondarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
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Y - Balance Test
Lasso di tempo: At a single assesment session
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Dynamic balance was assessed using the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ).
This standardized test evaluates reach distance in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions while maintaining single-leg stance.
Reach distances were recorded to the nearest 0.5 cm using the Y Balance Test kit.
Before testing, leg length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the distal tip of the medial malleolus, and results were normalized to leg length.
Participants completed 6 practice trials before testing, followed by 3 valid trials in each direction.
Invalid trials were repeated, and the mean of the 3 valid trials for each direction was used for analysis.
The composite score was calculated by dividing the sum of the 3 reach distances by 3 times leg length and multiplying by 100.
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At a single assesment session
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T - Test
Lasso di tempo: At a single assesment session
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Agility was assessed using the T-Test.
The test course was set up in a T shape with 4 cones: cone A was positioned 9.14 m from the center cone B, and cones C and D were placed 4.57 m to the left and right of cone B. Participants started at cone A, sprinted to cone B, shuffled laterally to touch cone C, then shuffled to touch cone D, returned to cone B, and backpedaled to cone A to complete the test.
Time was recorded using a photocell timing system.
After 2 familiarization trials, participants performed 3 valid trials with 3 minutes of rest between trials, and the best time was used for analysis.
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At a single assesment session
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Weight - Bearing Lunge Test
Lasso di tempo: At a single assesment session
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nkle dorsiflexion mobility was assessed using the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test (WBLT).
Participants were positioned facing a wall in a tandem stance, with the tested foot aligned perpendicular to the wall and the non-tested rear heel lifted.
They were instructed to place their hands on the wall and move the front knee toward it while keeping the tested heel in contact with the ground.
The foot was moved away from the wall in 1 cm increments until the maximum distance at which the knee could still touch the wall without heel lift was identified.
The farthest valid distance between the great toe and the wall was measured in centimeters.
Three valid trials were recorded for each lower extremity, and the mean value was used for analysis.
Trials with heel lift, marked lower-extremity compensations, or loss of proper test position were repeated.
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At a single assesment session
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Collaboratori e investigatori
Sponsor
Pubblicazioni e link utili
Pubblicazioni generali
- Chalabiyev N, Basaran S, Deniz V, Adas U, Sariyildiz A. Beyond muscle activation: the role of biomechanical properties of muscles in determining dynamic knee valgus in female volleyball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2026 Apr 16;18(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s13102-026-01681-1.
- Sassi LB, Miguel AC, Serafim TT, de Menezes FS, Martins TB, Okubo R. Understanding ACL injuries in volleyball: a systematic review of epidemiology and risk factors. Front Sports Act Living. 2025 Dec 8;7:1675136. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1675136. eCollection 2025.
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