Efficacy of pneumococcal nontypable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in young Latin American children: A double-blind randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: The relationship between pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection against community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute otitis media (AOM) is unclear. This study assessed the impact of the ten-valent pneumococcal nontypable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) on these end points. The primary objective was to demonstrate vaccine efficacy (VE) in a per-protocol analysis against likely bacterial CAP (B-CAP: radiologically confirmed CAP with alveolar consolidation/pleural effusion on chest X-ray, or non-alveolar infiltrates and C-reactive protein ≥ 40 µg/ml); other protocol-specified outcomes were also assessed.

Methods and findings: This phase III double-blind randomized controlled study was conducted between 28 June 2007 and 28 July 2011 in Argentine, Panamanian, and Colombian populations with good access to health care. Approximately 24,000 infants received PHiD-CV or hepatitis control vaccine (hepatitis B for primary vaccination, hepatitis A at booster) at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 mo of age. Interim analysis of the primary end point was planned when 535 first B-CAP episodes, occurring ≥2 wk after dose 3, were identified in the per-protocol cohort. After a mean follow-up of 23 mo (PHiD-CV, n = 10,295; control, n = 10,201), per-protocol VE was 22.0% (95% CI: 7.7, 34.2; one-sided p = 0.002) against B-CAP (conclusive for primary objective) and 25.7% (95% CI: 8.4%, 39.6%) against World Health Organization-defined consolidated CAP. Intent-to-treat VE was 18.2% (95% CI: 5.5%, 29.1%) against B-CAP and 23.4% (95% CI: 8.8%, 35.7%) against consolidated CAP. End-of-study per-protocol analyses were performed after a mean follow-up of 28-30 mo for CAP and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (PHiD-CV, n = 10,211; control, n = 10,140) and AOM (n = 3,010 and 2,979, respectively). Per-protocol VE was 16.1% (95% CI: -1.1%, 30.4%; one-sided p = 0.032) against clinically confirmed AOM, 67.1% (95% CI: 17.0%, 86.9%) against vaccine serotype clinically confirmed AOM, 100% (95% CI: 74.3%, 100%) against vaccine serotype IPD, and 65.0% (95% CI: 11.1%, 86.2%) against any IPD. Results were consistent between intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Serious adverse events were reported for 21.5% (95% CI: 20.7%, 22.2%) and 22.6% (95% CI: 21.9%, 23.4%) of PHiD-CV and control recipients, respectively. There were 19 deaths (n = 11,798; 0.16%) in the PHiD-CV group and 26 deaths (n = 11,799; 0.22%) in the control group. A significant study limitation was the lower than expected number of captured AOM cases.

Conclusions: Efficacy was demonstrated against a broad range of pneumococcal diseases commonly encountered in young children in clinical practice.

Trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00466947.

Conflict of interest statement

I have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: M.W.T., H.A., E.S., A.P., D.W., C.C.B., A.C., M.T., A.S., M.R., M.Tro., A.L., C.C., and A.F. declare having no conflicts of interest. X.S.-L declares having received support for travel to meetings from the study sponsor. P.L. and A. Ca. declare their institutions received support for travel to meetings and grants from the study sponsor. A. Ca. declares her institution received consulting fee/honoraria from the study sponsor. X.S.-L declares his institution received grant from Health Research International. W.P.H. is a patent co-holder for PCV13 (no royalties). M.M.C., A.Le., P.Lom., W.P.H., D.B., J.R.G., E.O.B., J.P.Y., and L.S. are employed by the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies and own stock/stock options from the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies.

Figures

Figure 1. Vaccination schedule.

The following vaccines were used: PHiD-CV, Synflorix; diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis–hepatitis B–inactivated poliovirus–Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib), Infanrix hexa; DTPa-IPV/Hib, Infanrix-IPV/Hib; hepatitis B, Engerix-B; hepatitis A, Havrix (all by GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines). In addition to these blinded study vaccines, the following vaccines were administered or were recommended: measles–mumps–rubella vaccine at 12 mo of age, hepatitis B vaccination at birth, and hepatitis A vaccination at 12 and 18–21 mo of age, with the second dose given at least 28 days after the study vaccine booster dose. In Argentina, Neisseria meningitidis group C conjugate vaccine (NeisVac-C, Baxter International) was offered at 12 mo of age; in Colombia and Panama, varicella vaccine (Varilrix, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) was offered at 12 mo of age; in Colombia, two doses of oral rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) were offered within the first 6 mo of life.

Figure 2. Chest X-ray classification and CAP end point definitions.

Figure 3. Trial profile for children included in the analysis of the primary study end point.

Elimination criteria shown for one reason only, although more than one reason for elimination could apply per child. aForbidden underlying medical conditions included, but were not limited to, major congenital defects, serious chronic illness, or confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient conditions.

Figure 4. Trial profile for children included in the end-of-study analysis of acute otitis media.

Elimination criteria shown for one reason only, although more than one reason for elimination could apply per child. aForbidden underlying medical conditions included, but were not limited to, major congenital defects, serious chronic illness, or confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient conditions.