Determination of optical properties of normal and adenomatous human colon tissues in vitro using integrating sphere techniques

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of the present study is to compare the optical properties of normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion in vitro at 476.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm. We believe these differences in optical properties should help differential diagnosis of human colon tissues by using optical methods.

Methods: In vitro optical properties were investigated for four kinds of tissues: normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion. Tissue samples were taken from 13 human colons (13 adenomatous, 13 normal). From the normal human colons a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion), and from the adenomatous human bladders a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion). The measurements were performed using a double-integrating-sphere setup and the optical properties were assessed from these measurements using the adding-doubling method that was considered reliable.

Results: The results of measurement showed that there were significant differences in the absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength, and there were also significant differences in the two optical parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength. And there were large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength, there were also large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength. There were large differences in the value ranges of the absorption coefficients, scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa, and there were also large differences in these value ranges between both colon muscle layer/chorion. There are the same orders of magnitude in the absorption coefficients for four kinds of colon tissues. The scattering coefficients of these tissues exceed the absorption coefficients by at least two orders of magnitude.

Conclusion: There were large differences in the three optical parameters between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same laser wavelength, and there were also large differences in these parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same laser wavelength. Large differences in optical parameters indicate that there were large differences in compositions and structures between both colon mucosa/submucosa, and between both colon muscle layer/chorion. Optical parameters for four kinds of colon tissues are wavelength dependent, and these differences would be useful and helpful in clinical applications of laser and tumors photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Figures

Figure 1

Experimental set-up consisting of double- integrating-sphere with an intervening sample. 1. Laser 2. Attenuator 3. Attenuator 4. 2 mm pinhole 5. Beam expander 6. 6 mm pinhole 7. Integrating sphere 8. Sample 9. Integrating sphere 10. Photodiode detector 11. Photodiode detector 12. Photodiode detector 13. Switch box 14. Lock-in-amplifier 15. Light chopper 16. PC.

Figure 2

Optical properties of normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa in vitro vary with a change of laser wavelength in vitro. A: Plots of the absorption coefficients measured in vitro vs wavelength of normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa; B: Plots of the absorption coefficients measured in vitro vs wavelength of normal and adenomatous human colon muscle layer/chorion; C: Plots of the scattering coefficients measured in vitro vs wavelength of normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa; D: Plots of the scattering coefficients measured in vitro vs wavelength of normal and adenomatous human colon muscle layer/chorion; E: Plots of the anisotropy factors measured in vitro vs wavelength of normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa; F: Plots of the anisotropy factors measured in vitro vs wavelength of normal and adenomatous human colon muscle layer/chorion.