Clinical applications of laser speckle contrast imaging: a review
Wido Heeman, Wiendelt Steenbergen, Gooitzen van Dam, E Christiaan Boerma, Wido Heeman, Wiendelt Steenbergen, Gooitzen van Dam, E Christiaan Boerma
Abstract
When a biological tissue is illuminated with coherent light, an interference pattern will be formed at the detector, the so-called speckle pattern. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a technique based on the dynamic change in this backscattered light as a result of interaction with red blood cells. It can be used to visualize perfusion in various tissues and, even though this technique has been extensively described in the literature, the actual clinical implementation lags behind. We provide an overview of LSCI as a tool to image tissue perfusion. We present a brief introduction to the theory, review clinical studies from various medical fields, and discuss current limitations impeding clinical acceptance.
Keywords: burn wounds; cerebral blood flow; laser speckle contrast imaging; microcirculation; retinal perfusion.
Figures
References
- Karliczek A., et al. , “Surgeons lack predictive accuracy for anastomotic leakage in gastrointestinal surgery,” Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 24(5), 569–576 (2009).IJCDE610.1007/s00384-009-0658-6
- Fercher A., Briers J., “Flow visualization by means of single-exposure speckle photography,” Opt. Commun. 37(5), 326–330 (1981).OPCOB810.1016/0030-4018(81)90428-4
- Briers J. D., Webster S., “Quasi real-time digital version of single-exposure speckle photography for full-field monitoring of velocity or flow fields,” Opt. Commun. 116(1–3), 36–42 (1995).OPCOB810.1016/0030-4018(95)00042-7
- Briers J. D., Webster S., “Laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA): a nonscanning, full-field technique for monitoring capillary blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt. 1(2), 174–179 (1996).JBOPFO10.1117/12.231359
- Richards L. M., et al. , “Low-cost laser speckle contrast imaging of blood flow using a webcam,” Biomed. Opt. Express 4(10), 2269–2283 (2013).BOEICL10.1364/BOE.4.002269
- Draijer M., et al. , “Review of laser speckle contrast techniques for visualizing tissue perfusion,” Lasers Med. Sci. 24(4), 639–651 (2009).10.1007/s10103-008-0626-3
- Briers D., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging: theoretical and practical limitations,” J. Biomed. Opt. 18(6), 066018 (2013).JBOPFO10.1117/1.JBO.18.6.066018
- Boas D. A., Dunn A. K., “Laser speckle contrast imaging in biomedical optics,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(1), 011109 (2010).JBOPFO10.1117/1.3285504
- Richards L. M., et al. , “Intraoperative multi-exposure speckle imaging of cerebral blood flow,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 37(9), 3097–3109 (2017).10.1177/0271678X16686987
- Parthasarathy A. B., et al. , “Robust flow measurement with multi-exposure speckle imaging,” Opt. Express 16(3), 1975–1989 (2008).OPEXFF10.1364/OE.16.001975
- Bonner R., Nossal R., “Model for laser Doppler measurements of blood flow in tissue,” Appl. Opt. 20(12), 2097–2107 (1981).APOPAI10.1364/AO.20.002097
- Ramirez-San-Juan J. C., et al. , “Simple correction factor for laser speckle imaging of flow dynamics,” Opt. Lett. 39(3), 678–681 (2014).OPLEDP10.1364/OL.39.000678
- Duncan D. D., Kirkpatrick S. J., “Can laser speckle flowmetry be made a quantitative tool?” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25(8), 2088–2094 (2008).JOAOD610.1364/JOSAA.25.002088
- Thompson O. B., Andrews M. K., “Tissue perfusion measurements: multiple-exposure laser speckle analysis generates laser Doppler-like spectra,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 027015 (2010).JBOPFO10.1117/1.3400721
- Smausz T., Zölei D., Hopp B., “Real correlation time measurement in laser speckle contrast analysis using wide exposure time range images,” Appl. Opt. 48(8), 1425–1429 (2009).APOPAI10.1364/AO.48.001425
- Zakharov P., et al. , “Quantitative modeling of laser speckle imaging,” Opt. Lett. 31(23), 3465–3467 (2006).OPLEDP10.1364/OL.31.003465
- Duncan D., et al. , “What is the proper statistical model for laser speckle flowmetry?” Proc. SPIE 6855, 685502 (2008).BOEICL10.1117/12.760515
- Bandyopadhyay R., et al. , “Speckle-visibility spectroscopy: a tool to study time-varying dynamics,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(9), 093110 (2005).RSINAK10.1063/1.2037987
- Nadort A., et al. , “Quantitative blood flow velocity imaging using laser speckle flowmetry,” Sci. Rep. 6, 25258 (2016).SRCEC310.1038/srep25258
- Zötterman J., et al. , “Methodological concerns with laser speckle contrast imaging in clinical evaluation of microcirculation,” PLoS One 12(3), e0174703 (2017).POLNCL10.1371/journal.pone.0174703
- Mahé G., et al. , “Impact of experimental conditions on noncontact laser recordings in microvascular studies,” Microcirculation 19(8), 669–675 (2012).MCCRD810.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00205.x
- Mahé G., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging accurately measures blood flow over moving skin surfaces,” Microvasc. Res. 81(2), 183–188 (2011).MIVRA610.1016/j.mvr.2010.11.013
- Bahadori S., Immins T., Wainwright T. W., “The effect of calf neuromuscular electrical stimulation and intermittent pneumatic compression on thigh microcirculation,” Microvasc. Res. 111, 37–41 (2017).MIVRA610.1016/j.mvr.2017.01.001
- Bahadori S., Immins T., Wainwright T. W., “A novel approach to overcome movement artifact when using a laser speckle contrast imaging system for alternating speeds of blood microcirculation,” J. vis. Exp. 126, 1–6 (2017).10.3791/56415
- Lertsakdadet B., et al. , “Correcting for motion artifact in handheld laser speckle images,” J. Biomed. Opt. 23(3), 036006 (2018).JBOPFO10.1117/1.JBO.23.3.036006
- Omarjee L., et al. , “Optimisation of movement detection and artifact removal during laser speckle contrast imaging,” Microvasc. Res. 97, 75–80 (2015).MIVRA610.1016/j.mvr.2014.09.005
- Mahe G., et al. , “Cutaneous microvascular functional assessment during exercise: a novel approach using laser speckle contrast imaging,” Pflugers Arch. 465(4), 451–458 (2013).10.1007/s00424-012-1215-7
- Richards L. M., et al. , “Intraoperative laser speckle contrast imaging with retrospective motion correction for quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow,” Neurophotonics 1(1), 015006 (2014).10.1117/1.NPh.1.1.015006
- Miao P., et al. , “High resolution cerebral blood flow imaging by registered laser speckle contrast analysis,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 57(5), 1152–1157 (2010).IEBEAX10.1109/TBME.2009.2037434
- Della Rossa A., et al. , “Alteration of microcirculation is a hallmark of very early systemic sclerosis patients: a laser speckle contrast analysis,” Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 31(2 Suppl 76), 109–114 (2013).CERHDP
- Gaillard-Bigot F., et al. , “Abnormal amplitude and kinetics of digital postocclusive reactive hyperemia in systemic sclerosis,” Microvasc. Res. 94, 90–95 (2014).MIVRA610.1016/j.mvr.2014.05.007
- Ruaro B., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast analysis: a new method to evaluate peripheral blood perfusion in systemic sclerosis patients,” Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73(6), 1181–1185 (2014).ARDIAO10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203514
- Rosato E., et al. , “Skin perfusion of fingers shows a negative correlation with capillaroscopic damage in patients with systemic sclerosis,” J. Rheumatol. 40(1), 98–99 (2013).JORHE310.3899/jrheum.121042
- Cutolo M., et al. , “Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis,” J. Rheumatol. 27(1), 155–160 (2000).JORHE3
- Cutolo M., et al. , “Peripheral blood perfusion correlates with microvascular abnormalities in systemic sclerosis: a laser-Doppler and nailfold videocapillaroscopy study,” J. Rheumatol. 37(6), 1174–1180 (2010).JORHE310.3899/jrheum.091356
- Rosato E., et al. , “Laser Doppler perfusion imaging is useful in the study of Raynaud’s phenomenon and improves the capillaroscopic diagnosis,” J. Rheumatol. 36(10), 2257–2263 (2009).JORHE310.3899/jrheum.090187
- Pauling J. D., et al. , “Use of laser speckle contrast imaging to assess digital microvascular function in primary Raynaud phenomenon and systemic sclerosis: a comparison using the Raynaud condition score diary,” J. Rheumatol. 42(7), 1163–1168 (2015).JORHE310.3899/jrheum.141437
- Wilkinson J. D., et al. , “A multicenter study of the validity and reliability of responses to hand cold challenge as measured by laser speckle contrast imaging and thermography: outcome measures for systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud’s phenomenon,” Arthritis Rheumatol. 70(6), 903–911 (2018).10.1002/art.v70.6
- Cutolo M., et al. , “Is laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) the new kid on the block in systemic sclerosis? A systematic literature review and pilot study to evaluate reliability of LASCA to measure peripheral blood perfusion in scleroderma patients,” Autoimmun. Rev. 17(8), 775–780 (2018).10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.023
- Son T., et al. , “Continuous monitoring of arthritis in animal models using optical imaging modalities,” J. Biomed. Opt. 19(10), 106010 (2014).JBOPFO10.1117/1.JBO.19.10.106010
- Dunn J., et al. , “A transmissive laser speckle imaging technique for measuring deep tissue blood flow: An example application in finger joints,” Lasers Surg. Med. 43(1), 21–28 (2011).LSMEDI10.1002/lsm.v43.1
- Forrester K. R., et al. , “Endoscopic laser imaging of tissue perfusion: new instrumentation and technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 33(3), 151–157 (2003).LSMEDI10.1002/lsm.10207
- Bray R. C., et al. , “Endoscopic laser speckle imaging of tissue blood flow: applications in the human knee,” J. Orthop. Res. 24(8), 1650–1659 (2006).JOREDR10.1002/jor.20178
- Pape S. A., Skouras C. A., Byrne P. O., “An audit of the use of laser Doppler imaging (LDI) in the assessment of burns of intermediate depth,” Burns 27(3), 233–239 (2001).BURND810.1016/S0305-4179(00)00118-2
- Orgill D. P., “Excision and skin grafting of thermal burns,” N. Engl. J. Med. 360(9), 893–901 (2009).NEJMAG10.1056/NEJMct0804451
- Kaiser M., et al. , “Noninvasive assessment of burn wound severity using optical technology: a review of current and future modalities,” Burns 37(3), 377–386 (2011).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2010.11.012
- McGill D. J., et al. , “Assessment of burn depth: a prospective, blinded comparison of laser Doppler imaging and videomicroscopy,” Burns 33(7), 833–842 (2007).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2006.10.404
- Stewart C. J., et al. , “A comparison of two laser-based methods for determination of burn scar perfusion: laser Doppler versus laser speckle imaging,” Burns 31(6), 744–752 (2005).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2005.04.004
- Crouzet C., et al. , “Acute discrimination between superficial-partial and deep-partial thickness burns in a preclinical model with laser speckle imaging,” Burns 41(5), 1058–1063 (2015).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2014.11.018
- Lindahl F., Tesselaar E., Sjöberg F., “Assessing paediatric scald injuries using laser speckle contrast imaging,” Burns 39(4), 662–666 (2013).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2012.09.018
- Mirdell R., et al. , “Accuracy of laser speckle contrast imaging in the assessment of pediatric scald wounds,” Burns 44(1), 90–98 (2018).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2017.06.010
- Mirdell R., et al. , “Microvascular blood flow in scalds in children and its relation to duration of wound healing: a study using laser speckle contrast imaging,” Burns 42(3), 648–654 (2016).BURND810.1016/j.burns.2015.12.005
- Sharif S. A., et al. , “Noninvasive clinical assessment of port-wine stain birthmarks using current and future optical imaging technology: a review,” Br. J. Dermatol. 167(6), 1215–1223 (2012).BJDEAZ10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11139.x
- Huang Y. C., et al. , “Blood flow dynamics after laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks,” Lasers Surg. Med. 41(8), 563–571 (2009).LSMEDI10.1002/lsm.v41:8
- Huang Y. C., et al. , “Noninvasive blood flow imaging for real-time feedback during laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks,” Lasers Surg. Med. 40(3), 167–173 (2008).LSMEDI10.1002/lsm.20619
- Ren J., et al. , “Assessment of tissue perfusion changes in port wine stains after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy: a short-term follow-up study,” Lasers Med. Sci. 29(2), 781–788 (2014).10.1007/s10103-013-1420-4
- Qiu H., et al. , “Monitoring microcirculation changes in port wine stains during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy by laser speckle imaging,” Photochem. Photobiol. 88(4), 978–984 (2012).PHCBAP10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01153.x
- Yang B., et al. , “Intraoperative, real-time monitoring of blood flow dynamics associated with laser surgery of port wine stain birthmarks,” Lasers Surg. Med. 47(6), 469–475 (2015).LSMEDI10.1002/lsm.v47.6
- Mennes O. A., et al. , “Novel optical techniques for imaging microcirculation in the diabetic foot,” Curr. Pharm. Des. 24(12), 1304–1316 (2018).10.2174/1381612824666180302141902
- Hellmann M., et al. , “Cutaneous iontophoresis of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analog, increases microvascular blood flux in diabetic malleolus area,” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 758, 123–128 (2015).10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.066
- Huisman L. C., den Bakker C., Wittens C. H. A., “Microcirculatory changes in venous disease,” Phlebology 28(Suppl 1), 73–78 (2013).PHLEEF10.1177/0268355513477025
- van Vuuren T. M., et al. , “Prediction of venous wound healing with laser speckle imaging,” Phlebology 32(10), 658–664 (2017).PHLEEF10.1177/0268355517718760
- Ruaro B., et al. , “Short-term follow-up of digital ulcers by laser speckle contrast analysis in systemic sclerosis patients,” Microvasc. Res. 101, 82–85 (2015).MIVRA610.1016/j.mvr.2015.06.009
- Sugiyama T., et al. , “Use of laser speckle flowgraphy in ocular blood flow research,” Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh) 88(7), 723–729 (2010).10.1111/aos.2010.88.issue-7
- Wei X., et al. , “Assessment of flow dynamics in retinal and choroidal microcirculation,” Surv. Ophthalmol. 63(5), 646–664 (2018).SUOPAD10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.03.003
- Tamaki Y., et al. , “Noncontact, two-dimensional measurement of retinal microcirculation using laser speckle phenomenon,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35(11), 3825–3834 (1994).IOVSDA
- Briers J. D., Fercher A. F., “Retinal blood-flow visualization by means of laser speckle photography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 22(2), 255–259 (1982).IOVSDA
- Tamaki Y., et al. , “Real-time measurement of human optic nerve head and choroid circulation, using the laser speckle phenomenon,” Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 41(1), 49–54 (1997).10.1016/S0021-5155(96)00008-1
- Kunikata H., Nakazawa T., “Recent clinical applications of laser speckle flowgraphy in eyes with retinal disease,” Asia-Pacific J. Ophthalmol. 5(2), 151–158 (2016).10.1097/APO.0000000000000160
- Tsuda S., et al. , “Pulse-waveform analysis of normal population using laser speckle flowgraphy,” Curr. Eye Res. 39(12), 1207–1215 (2014).CEYRDM10.3109/02713683.2014.905608
- Shiba T., et al. , “Optic nerve head circulation determined by pulse wave analysis is significantly correlated with cardio ankle vascular index, left ventricular diastolic function, and age,” J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 19(11), 999–1005 (2012).10.5551/jat.13631
- Ismail A., et al. , “Pulse waveform analysis on temporal changes in ocular blood flow due to caffeine intake: a comparative study between habitual and non-habitual groups,” Graefe’s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 256(9), 1711–1721 (2018).10.1007/s00417-018-4030-9
- Shiba T., et al. , “Pulse-wave analysis of optic nerve head circulation is significantly correlated with brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness, and age,” Graefe’s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 250(9), 1275–1281 (2012).10.1007/s00417-012-1952-5
- Shiba C., et al. , “Relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and ocular circulation by laser speckle flowgraphy in patients with/without diabetes mellitus,” Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 254(9), 1801–1809 (2016).10.1007/s00417-016-3437-4
- Hashimoto K., et al. , “The relationship between advanced glycation end products and ocular circulation in type 2 diabetes,” J. Diabetes Complications 30(7), 1371–1377 (2016).10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.04.024
- Parthasarathy A. B., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging of cerebral blood flow in humans during neurosurgery: a pilot clinical study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(6), 066030 (2010).JBOPFO10.1117/1.3526368
- Dunn A. K., et al. , “Dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow using laser speckle,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21(3), 195–201 (2001).10.1097/00004647-200103000-00002
- Kazmi S. M. S., et al. , “Expanding applications, accuracy, and interpretation of laser speckle contrast imaging of cerebral blood flow,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 35(7), 1076–1084 (2015).10.1038/jcbfm.2015.84
- Hecht N., et al. , “Intraoperative monitoring of cerebral blood flow by laser speckle contrast analysis,” Neurosurg. Focus 27(4), E11 (2009).10.3171/2009.8.FOCUS09148
- Hecht N., et al. , “Laser speckle imaging allows real-time intraoperative blood flow assessment during neurosurgical procedures,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 33(7), 1000–1007 (2013).10.1038/jcbfm.2013.42
- Nomura S., et al. , “Reliability of laser speckle flow imaging for intraoperative monitoring of cerebral blood flow during cerebrovascular surgery: comparison with cerebral blood flow measurement by single photon emission computed tomography,” World Neurosurg. 82(6), e753–e757 (2014).10.1016/j.wneu.2013.09.012
- Hecht N., et al. , “Infarct prediction by intraoperative laser speckle imaging in patients with malignant hemispheric stroke,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 36(6), 1022–1032 (2016).10.1177/0271678X15612487
- Klijn E., et al. , “Laser speckle imaging identification of increases in cortical microcirculatory blood flow induced by motor activity during awake craniotomy,” J. Neurosurg. 118(2), 280–286 (2013).JONSAC10.3171/2012.10.JNS1219
- Woitzik J., et al. , “Propagation of cortical spreading depolarization in the human cortex after malignant stroke,” Neurology 80(12), 1095–1102 (2013).NEURAI10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182886932
- Eriksson S., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging for intraoperative assessment of liver microcirculation: a clinical pilot study,” Med. Devices (Auckland, N.Z.) 7, 257–261 (2014).10.2147/MDER.S63393
- Ambrus R., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging for monitoring changes in microvascular blood flow,” Eur. Surg. Res. 56(3–4), 87–96 (2016).EUSRBM10.1159/000442790
- Klijn E., et al. , “The effect of perfusion pressure on gastric tissue blood flow in an experimental gastric tube model,” Anesth. Analg. 110(2), 541–546 (2010).10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c84e33
- Ambrus R., et al. , “A reduced gastric corpus microvascular blood flow during Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy detected by laser speckle contrast imaging technique,” Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 52(4), 455–461 (2017).10.1080/00365521.2016.1265664
- Ambrus R., et al. , “Evaluation of gastric microcirculation by laser speckle contrast imaging during esophagectomy,” J. Am. Coll. Surg. 225(3), 395–402 (2017).JACSEX10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.06.003
- Milstein D. M. J., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging identifies ischemic areas on gastric tube reconstructions following esophagectomy,” Medicine (Baltimore) 95(25), e3875 (2016).10.1097/MD.0000000000003875
- Karliczek A., et al. , “Intraoperative assessment of microperfusion with visible light spectroscopy in esophageal and colorectal anastomoses,” Eur. Surg. Res. 41(3), 303–311 (2008).EUSRBM10.1159/000155880
- Midura E. F., et al. , “Risk factors and consequences of anastomotic leak after colectomy: a national analysis,” Dis. Colon Rectum 58(3), 333–338 (2015).10.1097/DCR.0000000000000249
- Bruce J., et al. , “Systematic review of the definition and measurement of anastomotic leak after gastrointestinal surgery,” Br. J. Surg. 88(9), 1157–1168 (2001).10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01829.x
- Knudsen K. B. K., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging to evaluate bowel lesions in neonates with NEC,” Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. Rep. 5(1), e43–e46 (2017).10.1055/s-0037-1606196
- Ponticorvo A., et al. , “Laser speckle contrast imaging of blood flow in rat retinas using an endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 18(9), 090501 (2013).JBOPFO10.1117/1.JBO.18.9.090501
- Kong T. H., et al. , “Monitoring blood-flow in the mouse cochlea using an endoscopic laser speckle contrast imaging system,” PloS One 13(2), e0191978 (2018).POLNCL10.1371/journal.pone.0191978
- Zheng C., Wai Lau L., Cha J., “Dual-display laparoscopic laser speckle contrast imaging for real-time surgical assistance,” Biomed. Opt. Express 9(12), 5962–5981 (2018).10.1364/BOE.9.005962
- Heeman W., et al. , “Application of laser speckle contrast imaging in laparoscopic surgery,” Biomed. Opt. Express 10(4), 2010–2010 (2019).10.1364/BOE.10.002010
- Regan C., et al. , “Design and evaluation of a miniature laser speckle imaging device to assess gingival health,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(10), 104002 (2016).JBOPFO10.1117/1.JBO.21.10.104002
- Molnár E., et al. , “Evaluation of laser speckle contrast imaging for the assessment of oral mucosal blood flow following periodontal plastic surgery: an exploratory study,” Biomed Res. Int. 2017, 1–11 (2017).10.1155/2017/4042902
- Fazekas R., et al. , “Functional characterization of collaterals in the human gingiva by laser speckle contrast imaging,” Microcirculation 25(3), e12446 (2018).MCCRD810.1111/micc.12446
- Molnár E., et al. , “Assessment of the test-retest reliability of human gingival blood flow measurements by laser speckle contrast imaging in a healthy cohort,” Microcirculation 25(2), e12420 (2018).MCCRD810.1111/micc.2018.25.issue-2
- Nakamoto T., et al. , “Two-dimensional real-time blood flow and temperature of soft tissue around maxillary anterior implants,” Implant Dent. 21(6), 522–527 (2012).10.1097/ID.0b013e318272fe81
- Kajiwara N., et al. , “Soft tissue biological response to zirconia and metal implant abutments compared with natural tooth: microcirculation monitoring as a novel bioindicator,” Implant Dent. 24(1), 37–41 (2015).10.1097/ID.0000000000000167
- Regan C., et al. , “Fiber-based laser speckle imaging for the detection of pulsatile flow,” Lasers Surg. Med. 47(6), 520–525 (2015).LSMEDI10.1002/lsm.v47.6
- Dick S. K., et al. , “Characterization of blood flow rate in dental pulp by speckle patterns of backscattered light from an in vivo tooth,” J. Biomed. Opt. 19(10), 106012 (2014).JBOPFO10.1117/1.JBO.19.10.106012
- Gavinho L. G., et al. , “Detection of white spot lesions by segmenting laser speckle images using computer vision methods,” Lasers Med. Sci. 33(7), 1565–1571 (2018).10.1007/s10103-018-2520-y
- Cordovil I., et al. , “Evaluation of systemic microvascular endothelial function using laser speckle contrast imaging,” Microvasc. Res. 83(3), 376–379 (2012).MIVRA610.1016/j.mvr.2012.01.004
- Borges J. P., et al. , “The impact of exercise frequency upon microvascular endothelium function and oxidative stress among patients with coronary artery disease,” Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 38(5), 840–846 (2018).10.1111/cpf.2018.38.issue-5
- Iredahl F., et al. , “Non-invasive measurement of skin microvascular response during pharmacological and physiological provocations,” PloS One 10(8), e0133760 (2015).POLNCL10.1371/journal.pone.0133760
- Hellmann M., Roustit M., Cracowski J. L., “Skin microvascular endothelial function as a biomarker in cardiovascular diseases?” Pharmacol. Rep. 67(4), 803–810 (2015).10.1016/j.pharep.2015.05.008
- Souza E. G., et al. , “Impairment of systemic microvascular endothelial and smooth muscle function in individuals with early-onset coronary artery disease: studies with laser speckle contrast imaging,” Coron. Artery Dis. 25(1), 23–28 (2014).CADIEX10.1097/MCA.0000000000000055
- Borges J. P., et al. , “A novel effective method for the assessment of microvascular function in male patients with coronary artery disease: a pilot study using laser speckle contrast imaging,” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 49(10), e5541 (2016).BJMRDK10.1590/1414-431x20165541
- Matheus A. S., et al. , “Assessment of microvascular endothelial function in type 1 diabetes using laser speckle contrast imaging,” J. Diabetes Complications 31(4), 753–757 (2017).10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.12.007
- Qin J., et al. , “Hemodynamic and morphological vasculature response to a burn monitored using a combined dual-wavelength laser speckle and optical microangiography imaging system,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(3), 455–466 (2012).BOEICL10.1364/BOE.3.000455
- Wang J., et al. , “Dual-wavelength laser speckle imaging to simultaneously access blood flow, blood volume, and oxygenation using a color CCD camera,” Opt. Lett. 38(18), 3690–3692 (2013).OPLEDP10.1364/OL.38.003690
Source: PubMed