Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus in Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outpatients: Host, Disease, and Viral Correlates

Abstract

Background: Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectious virus isolation in outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with viral RNA levels and symptom duration, little is known about the host, disease, and viral determinants of infectious virus detection.

Methods: COVID-19 adult outpatients were enrolled within 7 days of symptom onset. Clinical symptoms were recorded via patient diary. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to quantitate SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and for infectious virus isolation in Vero E6-cells. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured in serum using a validated ELISA assay.

Results: Among 204 participants with mild-to-moderate symptomatic COVID-19, the median nasopharyngeal viral RNA was 6.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 4.7-7.6 log10 copies/mL), and 26% had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM, IgG, and/or total Ig) at baseline. Infectious virus was recovered in 7% of participants with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared to 58% of participants without antibodies (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .04, .36; P = .00016). Infectious virus isolation was also associated with higher levels of viral RNA (mean RNA difference +2.6 log10, 95% CI: 2.2, 3.0; P < .0001) and fewer days since symptom onset (PR = 0.79, 95% CI: .71, .88 per day; P < .0001).

Conclusions: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is strongly associated with clearance of infectious virus. Seropositivity and viral RNA levels are likely more reliable markers of infectious virus clearance than subjective measure of COVID-19 symptom duration. Virus-targeted treatment and prevention strategies should be administered as early as possible and ideally before seroconversion.

Clinical trials registration: NCT04405570.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; infectious virus; outpatient; serostatus.

© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figures

Figure 1.

SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA levels in nasopharyngeal swab by infectious virus status. Nasopharyngeal viral RNA levels measured via qRT-PCR are displayed by infectious virus status, with culture negative in gray (n = 95) and culture positive (n = 78) in red; each dot represents a participant. Solid lines on the boxplots display the median and 25th–75th percentile (mean = blue dashed line) and the whiskers extend to the extrema (no more than 1.5 times the IQR from the box). Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; LLoQ, lower limit of quantification; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 2.

SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, time since symptom onset, and infectious virus by SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody serostatus. A, Seropositive participants. B, Seronegative participants. Seropositive is defined as having SARS-CoV-2 specific total Ig, IgG, IgM, or IgA antibodies. Nasopharyngeal viral RNA levels (log10 copies/mL) are shown on the y-axis and days since symptom onset on the x-axis, with infectious virus culture positive participants in red circles, and culture negative participants in gray squares. Overall viral RNA median (Q1, Q3) and LLoQ are indicated by dashed horizontal lines. Abbreviations: Ig, immunoglobulin; LLoQ, lower limit of quantification; Q1, 25th percentile; Q3, 75th percentile; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 3.

Host factor associations with infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus isolation. Bivariate analyses are shown. PRs for the probability of infectious virus isolation were estimated for each dichotomous characteristic and a prevalence ratio per unit change was estimated for each continuous characteristic with corresponding 95% CIs. Each continuous characteristic was fit as linear in the log-prevalence of infectious virus isolation. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Ig, immunoglobulin; PR, prevalence ratio; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.