Molecular Signature of Indeterminate Thyroid Lesions: Current Methods to Improve Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) Diagnosis

Silvia Cantara, Carlotta Marzocchi, Tania Pilli, Sandro Cardinale, Raffaella Forleo, Maria Grazia Castagna, Furio Pacini, Silvia Cantara, Carlotta Marzocchi, Tania Pilli, Sandro Cardinale, Raffaella Forleo, Maria Grazia Castagna, Furio Pacini

Abstract

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) represents the gold standard for determining the nature of thyroid nodules. It is a reliable method with good sensitivity and specificity. However, indeterminate lesions remain a diagnostic challenge and researchers have contributed molecular markers to search for in cytological material to refine FNAC diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgeries. Nowadays, several "home-made" methods as well as commercial tests are available to investigate the molecular signature of an aspirate. Moreover, other markers (i.e., microRNA, and circulating tumor cells) have been proposed to discriminate benign from malignant thyroid lesions. Here, we review the literature and provide data from our laboratory on mutational analysis of FNAC material and circulating microRNA expression obtained in the last 6 years.

Keywords: fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC); gene expression classifier; indeterminate lesions; microRNAs (miRNAs); next generation sequencing.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Source: PubMed

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