Mindfulness-Based Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Parents: Direct and Long-Term Improvements

Anna Ridderinkhof, Esther I de Bruin, René Blom, Susan M Bögels, Anna Ridderinkhof, Esther I de Bruin, René Blom, Susan M Bögels

Abstract

A combined mindfulness-based program for children and their parents (MYmind) was beneficial for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we investigated whether this program is also beneficial for younger children with ASD, whether effects last on the long-term, and whether it reduces common comorbid problems. Forty-five children referred with ASD aged 8 until 19 years old, and their parents participated. Repeated measures of children's and parents' social communication problems, emotional and behavioral functioning, mindful awareness, and of parenting were conducted pre-intervention, post intervention, 2-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. While children did not report significant changes in mindful awareness, their social communication problems decreased, and their emotional and behavioral functioning improved. Results were not consistent at each occasion; improvements reported by children were most substantial at a 2-month follow-up and only partly remained at a 1-year follow-up, while all children's improvements as reported by parents were present on all occasions. Parents themselves reported improved emotional and behavioral functioning, improved parenting, and increased mindful awareness on all occasions. Parents' social communication problems reduced only directly after the intervention. Most improvements were supported by the qualitative investigation of children's and parents' experienced change as reported on open-ended questions. This study suggests that children, including adolescents, with ASD and their parents can benefit from a mindfulness-based program with parallel sessions for children and parents.

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Interventions; Mindfulness; Mindfulness-based program.

Conflict of interest statement

Compliance with Ethical StandardsAuthor Anna Ridderinkhof declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author Esther I. de Bruin declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author René Blom declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Susan M. Bögels is the director of and owns shares in UvA minds, one of the participating treatment centers.All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants of 12 years and older included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all parents of all children included in the study.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram with number of participants at each measurement occasion
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Social communication problems of children over time, as reported by parents on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Standardized estimated marginal means are calculated based on the parameter estimates that were obtained through the multilevel analysis. 1 pre-test; 2 posttest; 3 2-month follow-up; 4 1-year follow-up
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mindful parenting of parents over time, as reported by parents on the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale (IM-P). Standardized estimated marginal means are calculated based on the parameter estimates that were obtained through the multilevel analysis. 1 pre-test; 2 posttest; 3 2-month follow-up; 4 1-year follow-up

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