Local anesthesia part 2: technical considerations

Kenneth L Reed, Stanley F Malamed, Andrea M Fonner, Kenneth L Reed, Stanley F Malamed, Andrea M Fonner

Abstract

An earlier paper by Becker and Reed provided an in-depth review of the pharmacology of local anesthetics. This continuing education article will discuss the importance to the safe and effective delivery of these drugs, including needle gauge, traditional and alternative injection techniques, and methods to make injections more comfortable to patients.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Middle superior alveolar (MSA) nerve block.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Anterior superior alveolar (ASA) nerve block.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Greater palatine (GP) nerve block.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Nasopalatine (NP) nerve block.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Inferior alveolar (IA) nerve block.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
The “poke me” line.
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Second division (V2) nerve block.
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Gow-Gates (GG) nerve block.
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
Vazirani-Akinosi nerve block.
Figure 11.
Figure 11.
Intraosseous (X-Tip) anesthesia.

Source: PubMed

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