Global Dissemination of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Epidemiology, Genetic Context, Treatment Options, and Detection Methods

Chang-Ro Lee, Jung Hun Lee, Kwang Seung Park, Young Bae Kim, Byeong Chul Jeong, Sang Hee Lee, Chang-Ro Lee, Jung Hun Lee, Kwang Seung Park, Young Bae Kim, Byeong Chul Jeong, Sang Hee Lee

Abstract

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. In particular, the increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major source of concern. K. pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) and carbapenemases of the oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) type have been reported worldwide. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) carbapenemases were originally identified in Sweden in 2008 and have spread worldwide rapidly. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae producing three carbapenemases (KPCs, NDMs, and OXA-48-like). Although the prevalence of each resistant strain varies geographically, K. pneumoniae producing KPCs, NDMs, and OXA-48-like carbapenemases have become rapidly disseminated. In addition, we used recently published molecular and genetic studies to analyze the mechanisms by which these three carbapenemases, and major K. pneumoniae clones, such as ST258 and ST11, have become globally prevalent. Because carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae are often resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics and many other non-β-lactam molecules, the therapeutic options available to treat infection with these strains are limited to colistin, polymyxin B, fosfomycin, tigecycline, and selected aminoglycosides. Although, combination therapy has been recommended for the treatment of severe carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae infections, the clinical evidence for this strategy is currently limited, and more accurate randomized controlled trials will be required to establish the most effective treatment regimen. Moreover, because rapid and accurate identification of the carbapenemase type found in K. pneumoniae may be difficult to achieve through phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility tests, novel molecular detection techniques are currently being developed.

Keywords: KPC; Klebsiella pneumoniae; NDM; OXA-48-like; carbapenemase; epidemiology.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Epidemiological features of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. (1) USA; (2) Colombia; (3) Brazil; (4) Argentina; (5) Italy; (6) Greece; (7) Poland; (8) Israel; (9) China; (10) Taiwan; (11) Canada; (12) Spain; (13) France; (14) Belgium; (15) Netherlands; (16) Germany; (17) UK; (18) Ireland; (19) Sweden; (20) Finland; (21) Hungary; (22) India; (23) South Korea; (24) Australia; (25) Mexico; (26) Cuba; (27) Puerto Rico; (28) Uruguay; (29) Portugal; (30) Switzerland; (31) Austria; (32) Czech Republic; (33) Denmark; (34) Norway; (35) Croatia; (36) Turkey; (37) Algeria; (38) Egypt; (39) South Africa; (40) Iran; (41) United Arab Emirates; (42) Pakistan; (43) Russia; (44) Japan.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Structural features of representative genetic environments of blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, and blaOXA-48 genes.(A) The blaKPC-2-containing Tn4401 transposon from the plasmid pNYC (GenBank accession no. EU176011) is shown in horizontal arrows. Two inverted repeat sequences (IRL and IRR) of Tn4401 are depicted in triangles at either end. Tn4401 has five isoforms which differ by deletions (68–255 bp) just upstream of the blaKPC gene [(a) deletion of 99 bp; (b) no deletion; (c) deletion of 215 bp; (d) deletion of 68 bp; (e) deletion of 255 bp]. (B) The blaNDM-1 genetic context of pNDM_MGR194 (GenBank accession no. KF220657) is shown in horizontal arrows. (C) The blaOXA-48-containing Tn1999 transposon from the plasmid pOXA-48 (GenBank accession no. JN626286) is shown in horizontal arrows.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Epidemiological features of NDM-producing K. pneumoniae. (1) India; (2) Pakistan; (3) Bangladesh; (4) Canada; (5) USA; (6) Colombia; (7) Spain; (8) France; (9) UK; (10) Italy; (11) Switzerland; (12) Greece; (13) Turkey; (14) Saudi Arabia; (15) Oman; (16) United Arab Emirates; (17) Kuwait; (18) Morocco; (19) South Africa; (20) China; (21) South Korea; (22) Japan; (23) Taiwan; (24) Singapore; (25) Australia; (26) Mexico; (27) Guatemala; (28) Brazil; (29) Ireland; (30) Germany; (31) Netherlands; (32) Czech Republic; (33) Poland; (34) Hungary; (35) Romania; (36) Croatia; (37) Norway; (38) Sweden; (39) Finland; (40) Russia; (41) Algeria; (42) Tunisia; (43) Libya; (44) Egypt; (45) Kenya; (46) Madagascar; (47) Mauritius; (48) Israel; (49) Iraq; (50) Iran; (51) Yemen; (52) Sri Lanka; (53) Nepal; (54) Thailand; (55) Vietnam; (56) Malaysia, (57) New Zealand.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Epidemiological features of OXA-48-like-producing K. pneumoniae. (1) Turkey; (2) Morocco; (3) Tunisia; (4) Libya; (5) Egypt; (6) India; (7) Argentina; (8) Spain; (9) France; (10) Germany; (11) Switzerland; (12) Belgium; (13) Netherlands; (14) UK; (15) Italy; (16) Israel; (17) Saudi Arabia; (18) Kuwait; (19) Lebanon; (20) Japan; (21) Canada; (22) USA; (23) Ireland; (24) Poland; (25) Finland; (26) Hungary; (27) Romania; (28) Bulgaria; (29) Greece; (30) Russia; (31) Algeria; (32) Senegal; (33) South Africa; (34) United Arab Emirates; (35) Oman; (36) Iran; (37) Sri Lanka; (38) Thailand; (39) Singapore; (40) South Korea; (41) Taiwan; (42) Australia; (43) New Zealand.

References

    1. Abdul Rahim N., Cheah S. E., Johnson M. D., Yu H., Sidjabat H. E., Boyce J., et al. (2015). Synergistic killing of NDM-producing MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae by two ‘old’ antibiotics-polymyxin B and chloramphenicol. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 2589–2597. 10.1093/jac/dkv135
    1. Adams-Haduch J. M., Potoski B. A., Sidjabat H. E., Paterson D. L., Doi Y. (2009). Activity of temocillin against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 2700–2701. 10.1128/AAC.00290-09
    1. Adams-Sapper S., Nolen S., Donzelli G. F., Lal M., Chen K., Justo da Silva L. H., et al. (2015). Rapid induction of high-level carbapenem resistance in heteroresistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 3281–3289. 10.1128/AAC.05100-14
    1. Adler A., Hussein O., Ben-David D., Masarwa S., Navon-Venezia S., Schwaber M. J., et al. (2015). Persistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 as the predominant clone of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in post-acute-care hospitals in Israel, 2008-13. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 89–92. 10.1093/jac/dku333
    1. Adler A., Khabra E., Chmelnitsky I., Giakkoupi P., Vatopoulos A., Mathers A. J., et al. (2014). Development and validation of a multiplex PCR assay for identification of the epidemic ST-258/512 KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 78 12–15. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.003
    1. Adler A., Solter E., Masarwa S., Miller-Roll T., Abu-Libdeh B., Khammash H., et al. (2013). Epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of an outbreak caused by OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a neonatal intensive care unit in Jerusalem. Israel J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 2926–2930. 10.1128/JCM.01049-13
    1. Ageevets V. A., Partina I. V., Lisitsyna E. S., Ilina E. N., Lobzin Y. V., Shlyapnikov S. A., et al. (2014). Emergence of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Saint Petersburg. Russ. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 44 152–155. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.004
    1. Ahn C., Butt A. A., Rivera J. I., Yaqoob M., Hag S., Khalil A., et al. (2015). OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae causing bacteremia, United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 30 36–37. 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.008
    1. Al-Marzooq F., Ngeow Y. F., Tay S. T. (2015). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing dual carbapenemases (NDM-1 and OXA-232) and 16S rRNA methylase (armA) isolated from a Malaysian patient returning from India. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 45 445–446. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.013
    1. Almeida A. C., de Sa Cavalcanti F. L., Vilela M. A., Gales A. C., de Morais M. A., Jr. (2012). Escherichia coli ST502 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 sharing an IncW plasmid harbouring the blaKPC-2 gene in an intensive care unit patient. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 40 374–376. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.05.022
    1. Anandan S., Damodaran S., Gopi R., Bakthavatchalam Y. D., Veeraraghavan B. (2015). Rapid screening for carbapenem resistant organisms: current results and future approaches. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 9 DM01–DM03 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14246.6530
    1. Arana D. M., Saez D., Garcia-Hierro P., Bautista V., Fernandez-Romero S., Angel de la Cal M., et al. (2015). Concurrent interspecies and clonal dissemination of OXA-48 carbapenemase. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21 148e141–148.e144. 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.07.008
    1. Arpin C., Noury P., Boraud D., Coulange L., Manetti A., Andre C., et al. (2012). NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to colistin in a French community patient without history of foreign travel. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 3432–3434. 10.1128/AAC.00230-12
    1. Aubert D., Naas T., Heritier C., Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2006). Functional characterization of IS1999, an IS4 family element involved in mobilization and expression of b-lactam resistance genes. J. Bacteriol. 188 6506–6514. 10.1128/JB.00375-06
    1. Azimi L., Nordmann P., Lari A. R., Bonnin R. A. (2014). First report of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Iran. GMS Hyg. Infect. Control. 9:Doc07 10.3205/dgkh000227
    1. Bae I. K., Lee Y. N., Jeong S. H., Hong S. G., Lee J. H., Lee S. H., et al. (2007). Genetic and biochemical characterization of GES-5, an extended-spectrum class A b-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 58 465–468. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.02.013
    1. Bakour S., Garcia V., Loucif L., Brunel J. M., Gharout-Sait A., Touati A., et al. (2015a). Rapid identification of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii using a modified Carba NP test. New Microbes New Infect. 7 89–93. 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.07.001
    1. Bakour S., Sahli F., Touati A., Rolain J. M. (2015b). Emergence of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST512 isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of a child in Algeria. New Microbes New Infect. 3 34–36. 10.1016/j.nmni.2014.09.001
    1. Balm M. N., La M. V., Krishnan P., Jureen R., Lin R. T., Teo J. W. (2013). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae co-producing NDM-type and OXA-181 carbapenemases. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19 E421–E423. 10.1111/1469-0691.12247
    1. Baraniak A., Grabowska A., Izdebski R., Fiett J., Herda M., Bojarska K., et al. (2011). Molecular characteristics of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae at the early stage of their dissemination in Poland, 2008-2009. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 5493–5499. 10.1128/AAC.05118-11
    1. Baraniak A., Izdebski R., Fiett J., Gawryszewska I., Bojarska K., Herda M., et al. (2016). NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Poland, 2012-14: inter-regional outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 and sporadic cases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 7 85–91. 10.1093/jac/dkv282
    1. Barguigua A., El Otmani F., El Yaagoubi F. L., Talmi M., Zerouali K., Timinouni M. (2013). First report of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain coproducing NDM-1, VIM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemases isolated in Morocco. APMIS 121 675–677. 10.1111/apm.12034
    1. Barrios H., Silva-Sanchez J., Reyna-Flores F., Sanchez-Perez A., Sanchez-Francia D., Aguirre-Torres J. A., et al. (2014). Detection of a NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST22) clinical isolate at a pediatric hospital in Mexico. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 33:335 10.1097/INF.0000000000000173
    1. Bathoorn E., Friedrich A. W., Zhou K., Arends J. P., Borst D. M., Grundmann H., et al. (2013). Latent introduction to the Netherlands of multiple antibiotic resistance including NDM-1 after hospitalisation in Egypt, August 2013. Euro. Surveill. 18:20610 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.42.20610
    1. Bathoorn E., Rossen J. W., Lokate M., Friedrich A. W., Hammerum A. M. (2015). Isolation of an NDM-5-producing ST16 Klebsiella pneumoniae from a Dutch patient without travel history abroad, August 2015. Euro Surveill. 20:30040 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.41.30040
    1. Bedenic B., Mazzariol A., Plecko V., Bosnjak Z., Barl P., Vranes J., et al. (2012). First report of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Croatia. J. Chemother. 24 237–239. 10.1179/1973947812Y.0000000017
    1. Ben Nasr A., Decre D., Compain F., Genel N., Barguellil F., Arlet G. (2013). Emergence of NDM-1 in association with OXA-48 in Klebsiella pneumoniae from Tunisia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 4089–4090. 10.1128/AAC.00536-13
    1. Bercot B., Poirel L., Dortet L., Nordmann P. (2011). In vitro evaluation of antibiotic synergy for NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 2295–2297. 10.1093/jac/dkr296
    1. Berger S., Alauzet C., Aissa N., Henard S., Rabaud C., Bonnet R., et al. (2013). Characterization of a new blaOXA-48-carrying plasmid in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 4064–4067. 10.1128/AAC.02550-12
    1. Berrazeg M., Diene S., Medjahed L., Parola P., Drissi M., Raoult D., et al. (2014). New Delhi Metallo-b-lactamase around the world: an eReview using Google Maps. Euro. Surveill. 19:20809 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.20.20809
    1. Beyrouthy R., Robin F., Dabboussi F., Mallat H., Hamze M., Bonnet R. (2014). Carbapenemase and virulence factors of Enterobacteriaceae in North Lebanon between 2008 and 2012: evolution via endemic spread of OXA-48. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 2699–2705. 10.1093/jac/dku181
    1. Birgy A., Doit C., Mariani-Kurkdjian P., Genel N., Faye A., Arlet G., et al. (2011). Early detection of colonization by VIM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli in two children returning to France. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49 3085–3087. 10.1128/JCM.00540-11
    1. Bogaerts P., Montesinos I., Rodriguez-Villalobos H., Blairon L., Deplano A., Glupczynski Y. (2010). Emergence of clonally related Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of sequence type 258 producing KPC-2 carbapenemase in Belgium. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65 361–362. 10.1093/jac/dkp453
    1. Bogaerts P., Yunus S., Massart M., Huang T. D., Glupczynski Y. (2016). Evaluation of the BYG Carba test, a new electrochemical assay for rapid laboratory detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 54 349–358. 10.1128/JCM.02404-15
    1. Bogdanovich T., Adams-Haduch J. M., Tian G. B., Nguyen M. H., Kwak E. J., Muto C. A., et al. (2011). Colistin-resistant, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to the international epidemic clone ST258. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53 373–376. 10.1093/cid/cir401
    1. Bonura C., Giuffre M., Aleo A., Fasciana T., Di Bernardo F., Stampone T., et al. (2015). An Update of the evolving epidemic of blaKPC carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae in Sicily, Italy, 2014: emergence of multiple Non-ST258 Clones. PLoS ONE 10:e0132936 10.1371/journal.pone.0132936
    1. Borgia S., Lastovetska O., Richardson D., Eshaghi A., Xiong J., Chung C., et al. (2012). Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae containing blaNDM-1, Ontario, Canada. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55 e109–17 10.1093/cid/cis737
    1. Bowers J. R., Kitchel B., Driebe E. M., MacCannell D. R., Roe C., Lemmer D., et al. (2015). Genomic analysis of the emergence and rapid global dissemination of the clonal group 258 Klebsiella pneumoniae Pandemic. PLoS ONE 10:e0133727 10.1371/journal.pone.0133727
    1. Branas P., Villa J., Viedma E., Mingorance J., Orellana M. A., Chaves F. (2015). Molecular epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in madrid: successful establishment of an OXA-48 ST11 clone. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 46 111–116. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.02.019
    1. Braun S. D., Monecke S., Thurmer A., Ruppelt A., Makarewicz O., Pletz M., et al. (2014). Rapid identification of carbapenemase genes in gram-negative bacteria with an oligonucleotide microarray-based assay. PLoS ONE 9:e102232 10.1371/journal.pone.0102232
    1. Brink A. J., Coetzee J., Clay C. G., Sithole S., Richards G. A., Poirel L., et al. (2012). Emergence of New Delhi metallo-b-lactamase (NDM-1) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC-2) in South Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50 525–527. 10.1128/JCM.05956-11
    1. Brink A. J., Coetzee J., Corcoran C., Clay C. G., Hari-Makkan D., Jacobson R. K., et al. (2013). Emergence of OXA-48 and OXA-181 carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in South Africa and evidence of in vivo selection of colistin resistance as a consequence of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 369–372. 10.1128/JCM.02234-12
    1. Brown E. D., Vivas E. I., Walsh C. T., Kolter R. (1995). MurA (MurZ), the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, is essential in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177 4194–4197.
    1. Cannatelli A., D’Andrea M. M., Giani T., Di Pilato V., Arena F., Ambretti S., et al. (2013). In vivo emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-type carbapenemases mediated by insertional inactivation of the PhoQ/PhoP mgrB regulator. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 5521–5526. 10.1128/AAC.01480-13
    1. Cannatelli A., Di Pilato V., Giani T., Arena F., Ambretti S., Gaibani P., et al. (2014a). In vivo evolution to colistin resistance by PmrB sensor kinase mutation in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with low-dosage colistin treatment. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 4399–4403. 10.1128/AAC.02555-14
    1. Cannatelli A., Giani T., D’Andrea M. M., Di Pilato V., Arena F., Conte V., et al. (2014b). MgrB inactivation is a common mechanism of colistin resistance in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of clinical origin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 5696–5703. 10.1128/AAC.03110-14
    1. Carattoli A., Seiffert S. N., Schwendener S., Perreten V., Endimiani A. (2015). Differentiation of IncL and IncM plasmids associated with the spread of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance. PLoS ONE 10:e0123063 10.1371/journal.pone.0123063
    1. Carbonne A., Thiolet J. M., Fournier S., Fortineau N., Kassis-Chikhani N., Boytchev I., et al. (2010). Control of a multi-hospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 in France, September to October 2009. Euro. Surveill 15 19734.
    1. Carricajo A., Verhoeven P. O., Guezzou S., Fonsale N., Aubert G. (2014). Detection of carbapenemase-producing bacteria by using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 1231–1234. 10.1128/AAC.01540-13
    1. Carvalhaes C. G., Cayo R., Visconde M. F., Barone T., Frigatto E. A., Okamoto D., et al. (2014). Detection of carbapenemase activity directly from blood culture vials using MALDI-TOF MS: a quick answer for the right decision. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 2132–2136. 10.1093/jac/dku094
    1. Castanheira M., Deshpande L. M., Mathai D., Bell J. M., Jones R. N., Mendes R. E. (2011). Early dissemination of NDM-1- and OXA-181-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Indian hospitals: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2006-2007. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 1274–1278. 10.1128/AAC.01497-10
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Notes from the Field: New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - Illinois, 2013. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 62:1051.
    1. Chagas T. P., Seki L. M., da Silva D. M., Asensi M. D. (2011). Occurrence of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in hospital wastewater. J. Hosp. Infect. 77:281 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.10.008
    1. Chang Y. Y., Chuang Y. C., Siu L. K., Wu T. L., Lin J. C., Lu P. L., et al. (2015). Clinical features of patients with carbapenem nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in intensive care units: a nationwide multicenter study in Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 48 219–225. 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.05.010
    1. Chen C. J., Wu T. L., Lu P. L., Chen Y. T., Fung C. P., Chuang Y. C., et al. (2014a). Closely related NDM-1-encoding plasmids from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 9:e104899 10.1371/journal.pone.0104899
    1. Chen L., Chavda K. D., Al Laham N., Melano R. G., Jacobs M. R., Bonomo R. A., et al. (2013a). Complete nucleotide sequence of a blaKPC-harboring IncI2 plasmid and its dissemination in New Jersey and New York hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 5019–5025. 10.1128/AAC.01397-13
    1. Chen L., Chavda K. D., Findlay J., Peirano G., Hopkins K., Pitout J. D., et al. (2014b). Multiplex PCR for identification of two capsular types in epidemic KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258 strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 4196–4199. 10.1128/AAC.02673-14
    1. Chen L., Chavda K. D., Fraimow H. S., Mediavilla J. R., Melano R. G., Jacobs M. R., et al. (2013b). Complete nucleotide sequences of blaKPC-4- and blaKPC-5-harboring IncN and IncX plasmids from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in New Jersey. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 269–276. 10.1128/AAC.01648-12
    1. Chen L., Chavda K. D., Melano R. G., Hong T., Rojtman A. D., Jacobs M. R., et al. (2014c). Molecular survey of the dissemination of two blaKPC-harboring IncFIA plasmids in New Jersey and New York hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 2289–2294. 10.1128/AAC.02749-13
    1. Chen L., Chavda K. D., Melano R. G., Jacobs M. R., Koll B., Hong T., et al. (2014d). Comparative genomic analysis of KPC-encoding pKpQIL-like plasmids and their distribution in New Jersey and New York Hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 2871–2877. 10.1128/AAC.00120-14
    1. Chen L., Mathema B., Chavda K. D., DeLeo F. R., Bonomo R. A., Kreiswirth B. N. (2014e). Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular and genetic decoding. Trends Microbiol. 22 686–696. 10.1016/j.tim.2014.09.003
    1. Chen L., Mathema B., Pitout J. D., DeLeo F. R., Kreiswirth B. N. (2014f). Epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 is a hybrid strain. MBio. 5 e1355–14 10.1128/mBio.01355-14
    1. Chen Y. T., Lin A. C., Siu L. K., Koh T. H. (2012). Sequence of closely related plasmids encoding blaNDM-1 in two unrelated Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Singapore. PLoS ONE 7:e48737 10.1371/journal.pone.0048737
    1. Chen Y. T., Lin J. C., Fung C. P., Lu P. L., Chuang Y. C., Wu T. L., et al. (2014g). KPC-2-encoding plasmids from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 628–631. 10.1093/jac/dkt409
    1. Chen Z., Wang Y., Tian L., Zhu X., Li L., Zhang B., et al. (2015). First report in China of Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates coharboring blaNDM-1 and blaIMP-4 drug resistance genes. Microb. Drug Resist. 21 167–170. 10.1089/mdr.2014.0087
    1. Chereau F., Herindrainy P., Garin B., Huynh B. T., Randrianirina F., Padget M., et al. (2015). Colonization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase- and NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae among pregnant women in the community in a low-income country: a potential reservoir for transmission of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae to neonates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 3652–3655. 10.1128/AAC.00029-15
    1. Chiang T. T., Yang Y. S., Yeh K. M., Chiu S. K., Wang N. C., Lin T. Y., et al. (2016). Quantification and comparison of virulence and characteristics of different variants of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Taiwan and the United States. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 49 83–90. 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.08.011
    1. Chiu S. K., Wu T. L., Chuang Y. C., Lin J. C., Fung C. P., Lu P. L., et al. (2013). National surveillance study on carbapenem non-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan: the emergence and rapid dissemination of KPC-2 carbapenemase. PLoS ONE 8:e69428 10.1371/journal.pone.0069428
    1. Cho S. Y., Huh H. J., Baek J. Y., Chung N. Y., Ryu J. G., Ki C. S., et al. (2015). Klebsiella pneumoniae co-producing NDM-5 and OXA-181 carbapenemases, South Korea. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21 1088–1089. 10.3201/eid2106.150048
    1. Chong P. M., McCorrister S. J., Unger M. S., Boyd D. A., Mulvey M. R., Westmacott G. R. (2015). MALDI-TOF MS detection of carbapenemase activity in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii compared against the Carba-NP assay. J. Microbiol. Methods 111 21–23. 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.01.024
    1. Chung The H., Karkey A., Pham Thanh D., Boinett C. J., Cain A. K., Ellington M., et al. (2015). A high-resolution genomic analysis of multidrug-resistant hospital outbreaks of Klebsiella pneumoniae. EMBO Mol. Med. 7 227–239. 10.15252/emmm.201404767
    1. Cubero M., Cuervo G., Dominguez M. A., Tubau F., Marti S., Sevillano E., et al. (2015). Carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible isogenic isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 causing infection in a tertiary hospital. BMC Microbiol. 15:177 10.1186/s12866-015-0510-9
    1. Cuzon G., Bentchouala C., Vogel A., Hery M., Lezzar A., Smati F., et al. (2015). First outbreak of OXA-48-positive carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Constantine, Algeria. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 46 725–727. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.08.005
    1. Cuzon G., Naas T., Bogaerts P., Glupczynski Y., Huang T. D., Nordmann P. (2008). Plasmid-encoded carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase OXA-48 in an imipenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae strain from Belgium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52 3463–3464. 10.1128/AAC.00543-08
    1. Dafopoulou K., Zarkotou O., Dimitroulia E., Hadjichristodoulou C., Gennimata V., Pournaras S., et al. (2015). Comparative evaluation of colistin susceptibility testing methods among carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 4625–4630. 10.1128/AAC.00868-15
    1. Daikos G. L., Tsaousi S., Tzouvelekis L. S., Anyfantis I., Psichogiou M., Argyropoulou A., et al. (2014). Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: lowering mortality by antibiotic combination schemes and the role of carbapenems. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 2322–2328. 10.1128/AAC.02166-13
    1. Dash N., Panigrahi D., Zarouni M. A., Darwish D., Ghazawi A., Sonnevend A., et al. (2014). High incidence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Microb. Drug Resist. 20 52–56. 10.1089/mdr.2013.0040
    1. Datta S., Roy S., Chatterjee S., Saha A., Sen B., Pal T., et al. (2014). A five-year experience of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae causing neonatal septicaemia: predominance of NDM-1. PLoS ONE 9:e112101 10.1371/journal.pone.0112101
    1. Dautzenberg M. J., Ossewaarde J. M., de Kraker M. E., van der Zee A., van Burgh S., de Greeff S. C., et al. (2014). Successful control of a hospital-wide outbreak of OXA-48 producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Netherlands, 2009 to 2011. Euro. Surveill. 19:20723 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20723
    1. de Jager P., Chirwa T., Naidoo S., Perovic O., Thomas J. (2015). Nosocomial outbreak of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1-Producing Gram-Negative BACTERIA in South Africa: a case-control study. PLoS ONE 10:e0123337 10.1371/journal.pone.0123337
    1. Deleo F. R., Chen L., Porcella S. F., Martens C. A., Kobayashi S. D., Porter A. R., et al. (2014). Molecular dissection of the evolution of carbapenem-resistant multilocus sequence type 258 Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 4988–4993. 10.1073/pnas.1321364111
    1. de Oliveira M. S., de Assis D. B., Freire M. P., Boas do Prado G. V., Machado A. S., Abdala E., et al. (2015). Treatment of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae: suboptimal efficacy of polymyxins. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21 179.e1–179.e7 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.07.010
    1. Deshpande L. M., Rhomberg P. R., Sader H. S., Jones R. N. (2006). Emergence of serine carbapenemases (KPC and SME) among clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the United States medical centers: report from the MYSTIC Program (1999-2005). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56 367–372. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.07.004
    1. Dimou V., Dhanji H., Pike R., Livermore D. M., Woodford N. (2012). Characterization of Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 1660–1665. 10.1093/jac/dks124
    1. Doi Y., O’Hara J. A., Lando J. F., Querry A. M., Townsend B. M., Pasculle A. W., et al. (2014). Co-production of NDM-1 and OXA-232 by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20 163–165. 10.3201/eid2001.130904
    1. Dong D., Liu W., Li H., Wang Y., Li X., Zou D., et al. (2015). Survey and rapid detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in clinical samples targeting the rcsA gene in Beijing, China. Front. Microbiol. 6:519 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00519
    1. Dortet L., Agathine A., Naas T., Cuzon G., Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2015). Evaluation of the RAPIDECR CARBA NP, the Rapid CARB ScreenR and the Carba NP test for biochemical detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 3014–3022. 10.1093/jac/dkv213
    1. Dortet L., Brechard L., Grenet K., Nguessan M. S., Nordmann P. (2013). Sri Lanka, another country from the Indian subcontinent with NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 2172–2173. 10.1093/jac/dkt145
    1. Dortet L., Brechard L., Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2014a). Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 340–344. 10.1111/1469-0691.12318
    1. Dortet L., Poirel L., Errera C., Nordmann P. (2014b). CarbAcineto NP test for rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52 2359–2364. 10.1128/JCM.00594-14
    1. Dortet L., Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2014c). Worldwide dissemination of the NDM-type carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria. Biomed Res. Int. 2014 249856 10.1155/2014/249856
    1. Ducomble T., Faucheux S., Helbig U., Kaisers U. X., Konig B., Knaust A., et al. (2015). Large hospital outbreak of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: investigating mortality and the impact of screening for KPC-2 with polymerase chain reaction. J. Hosp. Infect. 89 179–185. 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.11.012
    1. Ellis C., Chung C., Tijet N., Patel S. N., Desjardins M., Melano R. G., et al. (2013). OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ottawa. Canada. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 76 399–400. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.017
    1. Escobar Perez J. A., Olarte Escobar N. M., Castro-Cardozo B., Valderrama Marquez I. A., Garzon Aguilar M. I., Martinez de la Barrera L., et al. (2013). Outbreak of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal unit in Colombia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 1957–1960. 10.1128/AAC.01447-12
    1. Espedido B. A., Steen J. A., Ziochos H., Grimmond S. M., Cooper M. A., Gosbell I. B., et al. (2013). Whole genome sequence analysis of the first Australian OXA-48-producing outbreak-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: the resistome and in vivo evolution. PLoS ONE 8:e59920 10.1371/journal.pone.0059920
    1. Evans B. A., Amyes S. G. (2014). OXA β-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27 241–263. 10.1128/CMR.00117-13
    1. Evren E., Azap O. K., Colakoǧlu S., Arslan H. (2013). In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with imipenem, meropenem, colistin and tigecycline against OXA 48-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 76 335–338. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.004
    1. Fehlberg L. C., Carvalho A. M., Campana E. H., Gontijo-Filho P. P., Gales A. C. (2012). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae-producing KPC-2 carbapenemase in Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 16 577–580. 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.07.001
    1. Fursova N. K., Astashkin E. I., Knyazeva A. I., Kartsev N. N., Leonova E. S., Ershova O. N., et al. (2015). The spread of blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-244 carbapenemase genes among Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter spp. isolated in Moscow, Russia. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 14:46 10.1186/s12941-015-0108-y
    1. Gaibani P., Ambretti S., Berlingeri A., Cordovana M., Farruggia P., Panico M., et al. (2011). Outbreak of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in northern Italy, July to August 2011. Euro. Surveill. 16:20027.
    1. Gales A. C., Castanheira M., Jones R. N., Sader H. S. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacilli isolated from Latin America: results from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (Latin America, 2008-2010). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 73 354–360. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.04.007
    1. Gallagher L. C., Roundtree S. S., Lancaster D. P., Rudin S. D., Bard J. D., Roberts A. L., et al. (2015). Performance of the CLSI Carba NP and the rosco carb screen assays Using North American Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 3370–3373. 10.1128/JCM.01547-15
    1. Galler H., Feierl G., Petternel C., Reinthaler F. F., Haas D., Grisold A. J., et al. (2014). KPC-2 and OXA-48 carbapenemase-harbouring Enterobacteriaceae detected in an Austrian wastewater treatment plant. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 O132–O134. 10.1111/1469-0691.12336
    1. Garbari L., Busetti M., Dolzani L., Petix V., Knezevich A., Bressan R., et al. (2015). pKBuS13, a KPC-2-encoding plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 833 carrying Tn4401b inserted into an Xer site-specific recombination locus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 5226–5231. 10.1128/AAC.04543-14
    1. Garcia-Fernandez A., Villa L., Carta C., Venditti C., Giordano A., Venditti M., et al. (2012). Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 producing KPC-3 identified in italy carries novel plasmids and OmpK36/OmpK35 porin variants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 2143–2145. 10.1128/AAC.05308-11
    1. Garcia-Fernandez S., Morosini M. I., Gijon D., Beatobe L., Ruiz-Garbajosa P., Dominguez L., et al. (2016). Detection of carbapenemase production in a collection of Enterobacteriaceae with characterized resistance mechanisms from clinical and environmental origins by use of both Carba NP and Blue-Carba Tests. J. Clin. Microbiol. 54 464–466. 10.1128/JCM.02580-15
    1. Garza-Ramos U., Barrios H., Reyna-Flores F., Sanchez-Perez A., Tamayo-Legorreta E., Ibarra-Pacheco A., et al. (2014). Characteristics of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST258) clinical isolates from outbreaks in 2 Mexican medical centers. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 79 483–485. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.05.010
    1. Gharout-Sait A., Alsharapy S. A., Brasme L., Touati A., Kermas R., Bakour S., et al. (2014). Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase gene in Yemen. J. Med. Microbiol. 63 (Pt 8), 1316–1323. 10.1099/jmm.0.073767-0
    1. Giacobbe D. R., Del Bono V., Trecarichi E. M., De Rosa F. G., Giannella M., Bassetti M., et al. (2015). Risk factors for bloodstream infections due to colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: results from a multicenter case-control-control study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21 1106.e1–1106.e8 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.08.001
    1. Giakkoupi P., Pappa O., Polemis M., Vatopoulos A. C., Miriagou V., Zioga A., et al. (2009). Emerging Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates coproducing KPC-2 and VIM-1 carbapenemases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 4048–4050. 10.1128/AAC.00690-09
    1. Giamarellou H., Galani L., Baziaka F., Karaiskos I. (2013). Effectiveness of a double-carbapenem regimen for infections in humans due to carbapenemase-producing pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 2388–2390. 10.1128/AAC.02399-12
    1. Giani T., Arena F., Vaggelli G., Conte V., Chiarelli A., Henrici De Angelis L., et al. (2015). Large nosocomial outbreak of colistin-resistant, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae traced to clonal expansion of an mgrB deletion mutant. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 3341–3344. 10.1128/JCM.01017-15
    1. Giani T., Conte V., Mandala S., D’Andrea M. M., Luzzaro F., Conaldi P. G., et al. (2014). Cross-infection of solid organ transplant recipients by a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate producing the OXA-48 carbapenemase, likely derived from a multiorgan donor. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52 2702–2705. 10.1128/JCM.00511-14
    1. Giani T., D’Andrea M. M., Pecile P., Borgianni L., Nicoletti P., Tonelli F., et al. (2009). Emergence in Italy of Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258 producing KPC-3 carbapenemase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47 3793–3794. 10.1128/JCM.01773-09
    1. Giani T., Pini B., Arena F., Conte V., Bracco S., Migliavacca R., et al. (2013). Epidemic diffusion of KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy: results of the first countrywide survey, 15 May to 30 June 2011. Euro. Surveill. 18:20489.
    1. Girlich D., Anglade C., Zambardi G., Nordmann P. (2013). Comparative evaluation of a novel chromogenic medium (chromID OXA-48) for detection of OXA-48 producing Enterobacteriaceae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 77 296–300. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.015
    1. Giske C. G. (2015). Contemporary resistance trends and mechanisms for the old antibiotics colistin, temocillin, fosfomycin, mecillinam and nitrofurantoin. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21 899–905. 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.022
    1. Giske C. G., Froding I., Hasan C. M., Turlej-Rogacka A., Toleman M., Livermore D., et al. (2012). Diverse sequence types of Klebsiella pneumoniae contribute to the dissemination of blaNDM-1 in India, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 2735–2738. 10.1128/AAC.06142-11
    1. Giske C. G., Gezelius L., Samuelsen O., Warner M., Sundsfjord A., Woodford N. (2011). A sensitive and specific phenotypic assay for detection of metallo-β-lactamases and KPC in Klebsiella pneumoniae with the use of meropenem disks supplemented with aminophenylboronic acid, dipicolinic acid and cloxacillin. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17 552–556. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03294.x
    1. Goldfarb D., Harvey S. B., Jessamine K., Jessamine P., Toye B., Desjardins M. (2009). Detection of plasmid-mediated KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ottawa, Canada: evidence of intrahospital transmission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47 1920–1922. 10.1128/JCM.00098-09
    1. Gomez S., Pasteran F., Faccone D., Bettiol M., Veliz O., De Belder D., et al. (2013). Intrapatient emergence of OXA-247: a novel carbapenemase found in a patient previously infected with OXA-163-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19 E233–E235. 10.1111/1469-0691.12142
    1. Gomez S. A., Pasteran F. G., Faccone D., Tijet N., Rapoport M., Lucero C., et al. (2011). Clonal dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 harbouring KPC-2 in Argentina. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17 1520–1524. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03600.x
    1. Gona F., Barbera F., Pasquariello A. C., Grossi P., Gridelli B., Mezzatesta M. L., et al. (2014). In vivo multiclonal transfer of blaKPC-3 from Klebsiella pneumoniae to Escherichia coli in surgery patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 O633–O635. 10.1111/1469-0691.12577
    1. Gonzalez-Padilla M., Torre-Cisneros J., Rivera-Espinar F., Pontes-Moreno A., Lopez-Cerero L., Pascual A., et al. (2015). Gentamicin therapy for sepsis due to carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 905–913. 10.1093/jac/dku432
    1. Gootz T. D., Lescoe M. K., Dib-Hajj F., Dougherty B. A., He W., Della-Latta P., et al. (2009). Genetic organization of transposase regions surrounding blaKPC carbapenemase genes on plasmids from Klebsiella strains isolated in a New York City hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 1998–2004. 10.1128/AAC.01355-08
    1. Gottig S., Gruber T. M., Stecher B., Wichelhaus T. A., Kempf V. A. (2015). In vivo horizontal gene transfer of the carbapenemase OXA-48 during a nosocomial outbreak. Clin. Infect. Dis. 60 1808–1815. 10.1093/cid/civ191
    1. Gregory C. J., Llata E., Stine N., Gould C., Santiago L. M., Vazquez G. J., et al. (2010). Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Puerto Rico associated with a novel carbapenemase variant. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31 476–484. 10.1086/651670
    1. Hall J. M., Corea E., Sanjeewani H. D., Inglis T. J. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of β-lactam resistance in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Sri Lanka. J. Med. Microbiol. 63(Pt 8), 1087–1092. 10.1099/jmm.0.076760-0
    1. Hamzan N. I., Yean C. Y., Rahman R. A., Hasan H., Rahman Z. A. (2015). Detection of blaIMP4 and blaNDM1 harboring Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a university hospital in Malaysia. Emerg. Health Threats J. 8 26011 10.3402/ehtj.v8.26011
    1. Hashimoto A., Nagamatsu M., Ohmagari N., Hayakawa K., Kato Y., Kirikae T. (2014). Isolation of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 from an overseas traveler returning to Japan. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 67 120–121. 10.7883/yoken.67.120
    1. Hidalgo-Grass C., Warburg G., Temper V., Benenson S., Moses A. E., Block C., et al. (2012). KPC-9, a novel carbapenemase from clinical specimens in Israel. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 6057–6059. 10.1128/AAC.01156-12
    1. Hishinuma A., Yoshida A., Suzuki H., Okuzumi K., Ishida T. (2013). Complete sequencing of an IncFII NDM-1 plasmid in Klebsiella pneumoniae shows structural features shared with other multidrug resistance plasmids. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 2415–2417. 10.1093/jac/dkt190
    1. Hoang T. H., Wertheim H., Minh N. B., Duong T. N., Anh D. D., Phuong T. T., et al. (2013). Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains containing New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase isolated from two patients in Vietnam. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 373–374. 10.1128/JCM.02322-12
    1. Hombach M., von Gunten B., Castelberg C., Bloemberg G. V. (2015). Evaluation of the rapidec carba NP Test for detection of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 3828–3833. 10.1128/JCM.02327-15
    1. Hong J. H., Clancy C. J., Cheng S., Shields R. K., Chen L., Doi Y., et al. (2013). Characterization of porin expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae identifies isolates most susceptible to the combination of colistin and carbapenems. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 2147–2153. 10.1128/AAC.02411-12
    1. Hrabak J., Chudackova E., Walkova R. (2013a). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry for detection of antibiotic resistance mechanisms: from research to routine diagnosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26 103–114. 10.1128/CMR.00058-12
    1. Hrabak J., Papagiannitsis C. C., Studentova V., Jakubu V., Fridrichova M., Zemlickova H., et al. (2013b). Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Czech Republic in 2011. Euro. Surveill. 18:20626 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.45.20626
    1. Hrabak J., Studentova V., Jakubu V., Adamkova V., Dvorakova L., Balejova M., et al. (2015). Prevalence study on carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Czech hospitals–results from Czech Part of European Survey on Carbapenemase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE). Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 64 87–91.
    1. Hrabak J., Walkova R., Studentova V., Chudackova E., Bergerova T. (2011). Carbapenemase activity detection by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49 3222–3227. 10.1128/JCM.00984-11
    1. Hu L., Zhong Q., Shang Y., Wang H., Ning C., Li Y., et al. (2014). The prevalence of carbapenemase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from five teaching hospitals in central China. Epidemiol. Infect. 142 1972–1977. 10.1017/S0950268813002975
    1. Hu L., Zhong Q., Tu J., Xu Y., Qin Z., Parsons C., et al. (2013). Emergence of blaNDM-1 among Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 and novel ST1031 clinical isolates in China. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 75 373–376. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.006
    1. Huang T. D., Berhin C., Bogaerts P., Glupczynski Y. (2014). Comparative evaluation of two chromogenic tests for rapid detection of carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae and in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52 3060–3063. 10.1128/JCM.00643-14
    1. Huang T. W., Chen T. L., Chen Y. T., Lauderdale T. L., Liao T. L., Lee Y. T., et al. (2013). Copy number change of the NDM-1 sequence in a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate. PLoS ONE 8:e62774 10.1371/journal.pone.0062774
    1. Hudson C. M., Bent Z. W., Meagher R. J., Williams K. P. (2014). Resistance determinants and mobile genetic elements of an NDM-1-encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. PLoS ONE 9:e99209 10.1371/journal.pone.0099209
    1. Humphries R. M. (2015). Susceptibility testing of the polymyxins: where are we now? Pharmacotherapy 35 22–27. 10.1002/phar.1505
    1. Izdebski R., Bojarska K., Baraniak A., Literacka E., Herda M., Zabicka D., et al. (2015). NDM-1- or OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonising Polish tourists following a terrorist attack in Tunis, March 2015. Euro. Surveill. 20:20489 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.23.21150
    1. Jamal W., Rotimi V. O., Albert M. J., Khodakhast F., Nordmann P., Poirel L. (2013). High prevalence of VIM-4 and NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J. Med. Microbiol. 62 1239–1244. 10.1099/jmm.0.059915-0
    1. Jamal W., Rotimi V. O., Albert M. J., Khodakhast F., Udo E. E., Poirel L. (2012). Emergence of nosocomial New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Kuwait. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 39 183–184. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.10.002
    1. Janvari L., Damjanova I., Lazar A., Racz K., Kocsis B., Urban E., et al. (2014). Emergence of OXA-162-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Hungary. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 46 320–324. 10.3109/00365548.2013.879993
    1. Jayol A., Poirel L., Brink A., Villegas M. V., Yilmaz M., Nordmann P. (2014). Resistance to colistin associated with a single amino acid change in protein PmrB among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of worldwide origin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 4762–4766. 10.1128/AAC.00084-14
    1. Jeon J. H., Hong M. K., Lee J. H., Lee J. J., Park K. S., Karim A. M., et al. (2014). Structure of ADC-68, a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class C extended-spectrum b-lactamase isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 70 2924–2936. 10.1107/S1399004714019543
    1. Jeon J. H., Lee J. H., Lee J. J., Park K. S., Karim A. M., Lee C. R., et al. (2015). Structural basis for carbapenem-hydrolyzing mechanisms of carbapenemases conferring antibiotic resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16 9654–9692. 10.3390/ijms16059654
    1. Jeong S. H., Bae I. K., Kim D., Hong S. G., Song J. S., Lee J. H., et al. (2005). First outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates producing GES-5 and SHV-12 extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Korea. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 4809–4810. 10.1128/AAC.49.11.4809-4810.2005
    1. Jeong S. H., Lee K. M., Lee J., Bae I. K., Kim J. S., Kim H. S., et al. (2015). Clonal and horizontal spread of the blaOXA-232 gene among Enterobacteriaceae in a Korean hospital. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 82 70–72. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.02.001
    1. Jiang Y., Shen P., Wei Z., Liu L., He F., Shi K., et al. (2015). Dissemination of a clone carrying a fosA3-harbouring plasmid mediates high fosfomycin resistance rate of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 45 66–70. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.08.010
    1. Jiang Y., Yu D., Wei Z., Shen P., Zhou Z., Yu Y. (2010). Complete nucleotide sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae multidrug resistance plasmid pKP048, carrying blaKPC-2, blaDHA-1, qnrB4, and armA. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 3967–3969. 10.1128/AAC.00137-10
    1. Jin Y., Shao C., Li J., Fan H., Bai Y., Wang Y. (2015). Outbreak of multidrug resistant NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from a neonatal unit in Shandong Province, China. PLoS ONE 10:e0119571 10.1371/journal.pone.0119571
    1. Kabir M. H., Meunier D., Hopkins K. L., Giske C. G., Woodford N. (2016). A two-centre evaluation of RAPIDECR CARBA NP for carbapenemase detection in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 71 1213–1216. 10.1093/jac/dkv468
    1. Kaiser R. M., Castanheira M., Jones R. N., Tenover F., Lynfield R. (2013). Trends in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-positive K. pneumoniae in US hospitals: report from the 2007-2009 SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 76 356–360. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.03.032
    1. Kalpoe J. S., Al Naiemi N., Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2011). Detection of an ambler class D OXA-48-type β-lactamase in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in the netherlands. J. Med. Microbiol. 60 677–678. 10.1099/jmm.0.028308-0
    1. Kanerva M., Skogberg K., Ryynanen K., Pahkamaki A., Jalava J., Ollgren J., et al. (2015). Coincidental detection of the first outbreak of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae colonisation in a primary care hospital, Finland, 2013. Euro. Surveill. 20:21172 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.26.21172
    1. Karaiskos I., Giamarellou H. (2014). Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: current and emerging therapeutic approaches. Exp. Opin. Pharmacother. 15 1351–1370. 10.1517/14656566.2014.914172
    1. Kayama S., Koba Y., Shigemoto N., Kuwahara R., Kakuhama T., Kimura K., et al. (2015). Imipenem-susceptible, meropenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae producing OXA-181 in Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 1379–1380. 10.1128/AAC.04330-14
    1. Kazi M., Drego L., Nikam C., Ajbani K., Soman R., Shetty A., et al. (2015). Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care laboratory in Mumbai. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34 467–472. 10.1007/s10096-014-2249-x
    1. Kilic A., Baysallar M. (2015). The First Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate Co-Producing OXA-48 and NDM-1 in Turkey. Ann. Lab. Med. 35 382–383. 10.3343/alm.2015.35.3.382
    1. Kim J. Y., Jung H. I., An Y. J., Lee J. H., Kim S. J., Jeong S. H., et al. (2006). Structural basis for the extended substrate spectrum of CMY-10, a plasmid-encoded class C β-lactamase. Mol. Microbiol. 60 907–916. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05146.x
    1. Kim M. N., Yong D., An D., Chung H. S., Woo J. H., Lee K., et al. (2012). Nosocomial clustering of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 340 strains in four patients at a South Korean tertiary care hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50 1433–1436. 10.1128/JCM.06855-11
    1. Kocsis E., Guzvinec M., Butic I., Kresic S., Crnek S. S., Tambic A., et al. (2016). bla Carriage on IncR Plasmid in Enterobacteriaceae Strains. Microb. Drug Resist. 22 123–128. 10.1089/mdr.2015.0083
    1. Kola A., Piening B., Pape U. F., Veltzke-Schlieker W., Kaase M., Geffers C., et al. (2015). An outbreak of carbapenem-resistant OXA-48 - producing Klebsiella pneumoniae associated to duodenoscopy. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 4:8 10.1186/s13756-015-0049-4
    1. Kontopoulou K., Protonotariou E., Vasilakos K., Kriti M., Koteli A., Antoniadou E., et al. (2010). Hospital outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 β-lactamase resistant to colistin. J. Hosp. Infect. 76 70–73. 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.03.021
    1. Koser C. U., Fraser L. J., Ioannou A., Becq J., Ellington M. J., Holden M. T., et al. (2014). Rapid single-colony whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 1275–1281. 10.1093/jac/dkt494
    1. Kumarasamy K. K., Toleman M. A., Walsh T. R., Bagaria J., Butt F., Balakrishnan R., et al. (2010). Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10 597–602. 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2
    1. Labarca J., Poirel L., Ozdamar M., Turkoglu S., Hakko E., Nordmann P. (2014). KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, finally targeting Turkey. New Microbes New Infect. 2 50–51. 10.1002/nmi2.42
    1. Lafeuille E., Decre D., Mahjoub-Messai F., Bidet P., Arlet G., Bingen E. (2013). OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Libyan patients. Microb. Drug Resist. 19 491–497. 10.1089/mdr.2012.0219
    1. Laishram S., Anandan S., Devi B. Y., Elakkiya M., Priyanka B., Bhuvaneshwari T., et al. (2015). Determination of synergy between sulbactam, meropenem and colistin in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates and correlation with the molecular mechanism of resistance. J. Chemother 10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000079 [Epub ahead of print].
    1. Lascols C., Peirano G., Hackel M., Laupland K. B., Pitout J. D. (2013). Surveillance and molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that produce carbapenemases: first report of OXA-48-like enzymes in North America. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 130–136. 10.1128/AAC.01686-12
    1. Lasserre C., De Saint Martin L., Cuzon G., Bogaerts P., Lamar E., Glupczynski Y., et al. (2015). Efficient detection of carbapenemase activity in enterobacteriaceae by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in less than 30 minutes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 2163–2171. 10.1128/JCM.03467-14
    1. Lauretti L., Riccio M. L., Mazzariol A., Cornaglia G., Amicosante G., Fontana R., et al. (1999). Cloning and characterization of blaVIM, a new integron-borne metallo-β-lactamase gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 1584–1590.
    1. Leavitt A., Chmelnitsky I., Carmeli Y., Navon-Venezia S. (2010). Complete nucleotide sequence of KPC-3-encoding plasmid pKpQIL in the epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 4493–4496. 10.1128/AAC.00175-10
    1. Leavitt A., Navon-Venezia S., Chmelnitsky I., Schwaber M. J., Carmeli Y. (2007). Emergence of KPC-2 and KPC-3 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in an Israeli hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51 3026–3029. 10.1128/AAC.00299-07
    1. Lee C. R., Cho I. H., Jeong B. C., Lee S. H. (2013a). Strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10 4274–4305. 10.3390/ijerph10094274
    1. Lee C. S., Vasoo S., Hu F., Patel R., Doi Y. (2014). Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 coproducing NDM-7 carbapenemase and RmtF 16S rRNA methyltransferase in Minnesota. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52 4109–4110. 10.1128/JCM.01404-14
    1. Lee J. H., Bae I. K., Lee S. H. (2012a). New definitions of extended-spectrum β-lactamase conferring worldwide emerging antibiotic resistance. Med. Res. Rev. 32 216–232. 10.1002/med.20210
    1. Lee J. H., Jeong S. H., Cha S. S., Lee S. H. (2007). A lack of drugs for antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6 938–939. 10.1038/nrd2201-c1
    1. Lee J. H., Jeong S. H., Cha S. S., Lee S. H. (2009). New disturbing trend in antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative pathogens. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000221 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000221
    1. Lee J. H., Lee J. J., Park K. S., Lee S. H. (2015a). Urgent need for b-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors. Lancet Infect. Dis. 15 876–877. 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00143-7
    1. Lee J. H., Park A. M., Karim C. R., Lee C. R., Lee S. H. (2016). How to minimise antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect. Dis 16 17–18. 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00467-3
    1. Lee J. J., Lee J. H., Kwon D. B., Jeon J. H., Park K. S., Lee C. R., et al. (2015b). Fast and accurate large-scale detection of β-lactamase genes conferring antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 5967–5975. 10.1128/AAC.04634-14
    1. Lee K., Hong S. G., Park Y. J., Lee H. S., Song W., Jeong J., et al. (2005a). Evaluation of phenotypic screening methods for detecting plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases-producing isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 53 319–323. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.07.004
    1. Lee K., Lee M., Shin J. H., Lee M. H., Kang S. H., Park A. J., et al. (2006a). Prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea. Microb. Drug Resist. 12 44–49. 10.1089/mdr.2006.12.44
    1. Lee N. Y., Wu J. J., Lin S. H., Ko W. C., Tsai L. H., Yan J. J. (2012b). Characterization of carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates at a Taiwanese hospital: clinical impacts of lowered breakpoints for carbapenems. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31 1941–1950. 10.1007/s10096-011-1525-2
    1. Lee S. H., Jeong S. H., Cha S. S. (2005b). Minimising antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5 668–670. 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70247-4
    1. Lee S. H., Jeong S. H., Cha S. S. (2006b). Screening for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6 682–684. 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70607-7
    1. Lee T. D., Adie K., McNabb A., Purych D., Mannan K., Azana R., et al. (2015c). Rapid Detection of KPC, NDM, and OXA-48-Like carbapenemases by Real-Time PCR from rectal swab surveillance samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 2731–2733. 10.1128/JCM.01237-15
    1. Lee W., Chung H. S., Lee Y., Yong D., Jeong S. H., Lee K., et al. (2013b). Comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay with conventional methods for detection of IMP-6, VIM-2, NDM-1, SIM-1, KPC-1, OXA-23, and OXA-51 carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 77 227–230. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.07.005
    1. Lefebvre B., Levesque S., Bourgault A. M., Mulvey M. R., Mataseje L., Boyd D., et al. (2015). Carbapenem non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae in Quebec, Canada: results of a laboratory surveillance program (2010-2012). PLoS ONE 10:e0125076 10.1371/journal.pone.0125076
    1. Leung V., Loo V. G., Frenette C., Domingo M. C., Bourgault A. M., Mulvey M. R., et al. (2012). First Canadian outbreak of Enterobacteriaceae-expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase type 3. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. 23 117–120.
    1. Li G., Wei Q., Wang Y., Du X., Zhao Y., Jiang X. (2011). Novel genetic environment of the plasmid-mediated KPC-3 gene detected in Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii isolates from China. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30 575–580. 10.1007/s10096-010-1124-7
    1. Li G., Zhang Y., Bi D., Shen P., Ai F., Liu H., et al. (2015). First report of a clinical, multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolate coharboring fosfomycin resistance gene fosA3 and carbapenemase gene blaKPC-2 on the same transposon, Tn1721. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 338–343. 10.1128/AAC.03061-14
    1. Li H., Zhang J., Liu Y., Zheng R., Chen H., Wang X., et al. (2014). Molecular characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in China from 2008 to 2011: predominance of KPC-2 enzyme. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 78 63–65. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.002
    1. Li J. J., Sheng Z. K., Deng M., Bi S., Hu F. S., Miao H. F., et al. (2012). Epidemic of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 clone coproducing KPC-2 and 16S rRNA methylase RmtB in a Chinese University Hospital. BMC Infect. Dis. 12:373 10.1186/1471-2334-12-373
    1. Liapis E., Pantel A., Robert J., Nicolas-Chanoine M. H., Cavalie L., van der Mee-Marquet N., et al. (2014). Molecular epidemiology of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in France. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 O1121–O1123. 10.1111/1469-0691.12727
    1. Lifshitz Z., Adler A., Carmeli Y. (2016). Comparative study of a novel biochemical assay, the rapidec carba NP Test, for detecting carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 54 453–456. 10.1128/JCM.02626-15
    1. Limbago B. M., Rasheed J. K., Anderson K. F., Zhu W., Kitchel B., Watz N., et al. (2011). IMP-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49 4239–4245. 10.1128/JCM.05297-11
    1. Ling M. L., Tee Y. M., Tan S. G., Amin I. M., How K. B., Tan K. Y., et al. (2015). Risk factors for acquisition of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in an acute tertiary care hospital in Singapore. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 4:26 10.1186/s13756-015-0066-3
    1. Liu P., Li P., Jiang X., Bi D., Xie Y., Tai C., et al. (2012). Complete genome sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae HS11286, a multidrug-resistant strain isolated from human sputum. J. Bacteriol. 194 1841–1842. 10.1128/JB.00043-12
    1. Liu Y., Wan L. G., Deng Q., Cao X. W., Yu Y., Xu Q. F. (2015). First description of NDM-1-, KPC-2-, VIM-2- and IMP-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a single Chinese teaching hospital. Epidemiol. Infect. 143 376–384. 10.1017/S0950268814000995
    1. Liu Y. Y., Wang Y., Walsh T. R., Yi L. X., Zhang R., Spencer J., et al. (2016). Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16 161–168. 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
    1. Livermore D. M., Walsh T. R., Toleman M., Woodford N. (2011). Balkan NDM-1: escape or transplant? Lancet Infect. Dis. 11:164 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70048-2
    1. Lixandru B. E., Cotar A. I., Straut M., Usein C. R., Cristea D., Ciontea S., et al. (2015). Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Romania: a Six-Month survey. PLoS ONE 10:e0143214 10.1371/journal.pone.0143214
    1. Lowe C. F., Kus J. V., Salt N., Callery S., Louie L., Khan M. A., et al. (2013). Nosocomial transmission of New Delhi metallo-b-lactamase-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Toronto, Canada. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34 49–55. 10.1086/668778
    1. Lübbert C., Lippmann N., Busch T., Kaisers U. X., Ducomble T., Eckmanns T., et al. (2014). Long-term carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2-producing K. pneumoniae after a large single-center outbreak in Germany. Am. J. Infect. Control 42 376–380. 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.12.001
    1. Ma L., Wang J. T., Wu T. L., Siu L. K., Chuang Y. C., Lin J. C., et al. (2015). Emergence of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 10:e0139152 10.1371/journal.pone.0139152
    1. MacVane S. H., Crandon J. L., Nichols W. W., Nicolau D. P. (2014). Unexpected in vivo activity of ceftazidime alone and in combination with avibactam against New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 7007–7009. 10.1128/AAC.02662-14
    1. Mammeri H., Guillon H., Eb F., Nordmann P. (2010). Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC b-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 4556–4560. 10.1128/AAC.01762-09
    1. Markovska R., Stoeva T., Schneider I., Boyanova L., Popova V., Dacheva D., et al. (2015). Clonal dissemination of multilocus sequence type ST15 KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bulgaria. APMIS 123 887–894. 10.1111/apm.12433
    1. Marquez C., Ingold A., Echeverria N., Acevedo A., Vignoli R., Garcia-Fulgueiras V., et al. (2014). Emergence of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Uruguay: infection control and molecular characterization. New Microbes New Infect. 2 58–63. 10.1002/nmi2.40
    1. Mathers A. J., Hazen K. C., Carroll J., Yeh A. J., Cox H. L., Bonomo R. A., et al. (2013). First clinical cases of OXA-48-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States: the “menace” arrives in the new world. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 680–683. 10.1128/JCM.02580-12
    1. McDermott H., Morris D., McArdle E., O’Mahony G., Kelly S., Cormican M., et al. (2012). Isolation of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pnemoniae in Ireland, July 2011. Euro. Surveill 17 20087.
    1. Melegh S., Kovacs K., Gam T., Nyul A., Patko B., Toth A., et al. (2014). Emergence of VIM-4 metallo-b-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 clone in the Clinical Centre University of Pecs, Hungary. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 O27–O29. 10.1111/1469-0691.12293
    1. Metwally L., Gomaa N., Attallah M., Kamel N. (2013). High prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-mediated resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from Egypt. East Mediterr. Health J. 19 947–952.
    1. Monaco M., Giani T., Raffone M., Arena F., Garcia-Fernandez A., Pollini S., et al. (2014). Colistin resistance superimposed to endemic carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a rapidly evolving problem in Italy, November 2013 to April 2014. Euro. Surveill. 19:20939 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.42.20939
    1. Moquet O., Bouchiat C., Kinana A., Seck A., Arouna O., Bercion R., et al. (2011). Class D OXA-48 carbapenemase in multidrug-resistant enterobacteria, Senegal. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 143–144. 10.3201/eid1701.100244
    1. Morris D., Boyle F., Morris C., Condon I., Delannoy-Vieillard A. S., Power L., et al. (2012). Inter-hospital outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 carbapenemase in Ireland. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 2367–2372. 10.1093/jac/dks239
    1. Morris D., O’Connor M., Izdebski R., Corcoran M., Ludden C. E., Mc G. E., et al. (2016). Dissemination of clonally related multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ireland. Epidemiol. Infect. 144 443–448. 10.1017/S0950268815001041
    1. Mulvey M. R., Grant J. M., Plewes K., Roscoe D., Boyd D. A. (2011). New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 103–106. 10.3201/eid1701.101358
    1. Munoz-Price L. S., Poirel L., Bonomo R. A., Schwaber M. J., Daikos G. L., Cormican M., et al. (2013). Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect. Dis. 13 785–796. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70190-7
    1. Naas T., Cotellon G., Ergani A., Nordmann P. (2013). Real-time PCR for detection of blaOXA-48 genes from stools. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 101–104. 10.1093/jac/dks340
    1. Naas T., Cuzon G., Villegas M. V., Lartigue M. F., Quinn J. P., Nordmann P. (2008). Genetic structures at the origin of acquisition of the β-lactamase bla KPC gene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52 1257–1263. 10.1128/AAC.01451-07
    1. Naas T., Nordmann P., Vedel G., Poyart C. (2005). Plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase KPC in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 4423–4424. 10.1128/AAC.49.10.4423-4424.2005
    1. Nagano N., Endoh Y., Nagano Y., Toyama M., Matsui M., Shibayama K., et al. (2013). First report of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Japan from a patient returned from Southeast Asia. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 66 79–81. 10.7883/yoken.66.79
    1. Nakano R., Nakano A., Hikosaka K., Kawakami S., Matsunaga N., Asahara M., et al. (2014). First report of metallo-β-lactamase NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli in Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 7611–7612. 10.1128/AAC.04265-14
    1. Nakano R., Nakano A., Ishii Y., Ubagai T., Kikuchi-Ueda T., Kikuchi H., et al. (2015). Rapid detection of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) gene by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). J. Infect. Chemother. 21 202–206. 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.010
    1. Naseer U., Eriksen B. O., Sundsfjord A., Samuelsen O. (2012). Fecal colonization of VIM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and in vivo transfer of multidrug-resistant IncN plasmid in a renal transplant patient. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 72 363–366. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.010
    1. Nathan C., Cars O. (2014). Antibiotic resistance–problems, progress, and prospects. N. Engl. J. Med. 371 1761–1763. 10.1056/NEJMp1408040
    1. Navarro-San Francisco C., Mora-Rillo M., Romero-Gómez M. P., Moreno-Ramos F., Rico-Nieto A., Ruiz-Carrascoso G., et al. (2013). Bacteraemia due to OXA-48-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: a major clinical challenge. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19 E72–E79. 10.1111/1469-0691.12091
    1. Netikul T., Sidjabat H. E., Paterson D. L., Kamolvit W., Tantisiriwat W., Steen J. A., et al. (2014). Characterization of an IncN2-type blaNDM-1-carrying plasmid in Escherichia coli ST131 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 and ST15 isolates in Thailand. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 3161–3163. 10.1093/jac/dku275
    1. Nobari S., Shahcheraghi F., Rahmati Ghezelgeh F., Valizadeh B. (2014). Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Iranian patients: first identification of blaKPC gene in Iran. Microb. Drug Resist. 20 285–293. 10.1089/mdr.2013.0074
    1. Nordmann P., Cuzon G., Naas T. (2009). The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9 228–236. 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70054-4
    1. Nordmann P., Dortet L., Poirel L. (2012a). Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: here is the storm! Trends Mol. Med. 18 263–272. 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.03.003
    1. Nordmann P., Naas T., Poirel L. (2011a). Global spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 1791–1798. 10.3201/eid1710.110655
    1. Nordmann P., Poirel L. (2014). The difficult-to-control spread of carbapenemase producers among Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 821–830. 10.1111/1469-0691.12719
    1. Nordmann P., Poirel L., Dortet L. (2012b). Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 1503–1507. 10.3201/eid1809.120355
    1. Nordmann P., Poirel L., Walsh T. R., Livermore D. M. (2011b). The emerging NDM carbapenemases. Trends Microbiol. 19 588–595. 10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.005
    1. Notomi T., Okayama H., Masubuchi H., Yonekawa T., Watanabe K., Amino N., et al. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:E63 10.1093/nar/28.12.e63
    1. Ocampo A. M., Chen L., Cienfuegos A. V., Roncancio G., Chavda K. D., Kreiswirth B. N., et al. (2015). High frequency of non-CG258 clones of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with distinct clinical characteristics: a two-year surveillance in five Colombian tertiary care hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60 332–342. 10.1128/AAC.01775-15
    1. Okeke I. N., Peeling R. W., Goossens H., Auckenthaler R., Olmsted S. S., de Lavison J. F., et al. (2011). Diagnostics as essential tools for containing antibacterial resistance. Drug Resist. Updat. 14 95–106. 10.1016/j.drup.2011.02.002
    1. Osano E., Arakawa Y., Wacharotayankun R., Ohta M., Horii T., Ito H., et al. (1994). Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo β-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 71–78. 10.1128/AAC.38.1.71
    1. Osterblad M., Hakanen A. J., Jalava J. (2014). Evaluation of the Carba NP test for carbapenemase detection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 7553–7556. 10.1128/AAC.02761-13
    1. Osterblad M., Kirveskari J., Hakanen A. J., Tissari P., Vaara M., Jalava J. (2012). Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Finland: the first years (2008–2011). J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 2860–2864. 10.1093/jac/dks299
    1. Oteo J., Hernandez J. M., Espasa M., Fleites A., Saez D., Bautista V., et al. (2013a). Emergence of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and the novel carbapenemases OXA-244 and OXA-245 in Spain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 317–321. 10.1093/jac/dks383
    1. Oteo J., Saez D., Bautista V., Fernandez-Romero S., Hernandez-Molina J. M., Perez-Vazquez M., et al. (2013b). Carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in Spain in 2012. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 6344–6347. 10.1128/AAC.01513-13
    1. Oteo J., Ortega A., Bartolome R., Bou G., Conejo C., Fernandez-Martinez M., et al. (2015). Prospective multicenter study of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from 83 hospitals in Spain reveals high in vitro susceptibility to colistin and meropenem. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 3406–3412. 10.1128/AAC.00086-15
    1. Palacios-Baena Z. R., Oteo J., Conejo C., Larrosa M. N., Bou G., Fernandez-Martinez M., et al. (2016). Comprehensive clinical and epidemiological assessment of colonisation and infection due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Spain. J. Infect. 72 152–160. 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.10.008
    1. Pano-Pardo J. R., Ruiz-Carrascoso G., Navarro-San Francisco C., Gomez-Gil R., Mora-Rillo M., Romero-Gomez M. P., et al. (2013). Infections caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary hospital in Spain in the setting of a prolonged, hospital-wide outbreak. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 89–96. 10.1093/jac/dks364
    1. Pantel A., Richaud-Morel B., Cazaban M., Bouziges N., Sotto A., Lavigne J. P. (2016). Environmental persistence of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a French intensive care unit. Am. J. Infect. Control 44 366–368. 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.09.021
    1. Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M., Christofidou M., Fligou F., Bartzavali C., Vrettos T., Filos K. S., et al. (2014). The role of colonization pressure in the dissemination of colistin or tigecycline resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in critically ill patients. Infection 42 883–890. 10.1007/s15010-014-0653-x
    1. Parisi S. G., Bartolini A., Santacatterina E., Castellani E., Ghirardo R., Berto A., et al. (2015). Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing carbapenemases and increase of resistance to colistin in an Italian teaching hospital from January 2012 To December 2014. BMC Infect. Dis. 15:244 10.1186/s12879-015-0996-7
    1. Park M. J., Kim T. K., Song W., Kim J. S., Kim H. S., Lee J. (2013). An Increase in the clinical isolation of acquired AmpC β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea from 2007 to 2010. Ann. Lab. Med. 33 353–355. 10.3343/alm.2013.33.5.353
    1. Partridge S. R., Ginn A. N., Wiklendt A. M., Ellem J., Wong J. S., Ingram P., et al. (2015). Emergence of blaKPC carbapenemase genes in Australia. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 45 130–136. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.10.006
    1. Partridge S. R., Iredell J. R. (2012). Genetic contexts of blaNDM-1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 6065–6067. 10.1128/AAC.00117-12 author reply 6071
    1. Pasteran F., Albornoz E., Faccone D., Gomez S., Valenzuela C., Morales M., et al. (2012). Emergence of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Guatemala. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 1795–1797. 10.1093/jac/dks101
    1. Pasteran F., Tijet N., Melano R. G., Corso A. (2015). Simplified protocol for carba NP Test for enhanced detection of carbapenemase producers directly from bacterial cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 3908–3911. 10.1128/JCM.02032-15
    1. Pasteran F. G., Otaegui L., Guerriero L., Radice G., Maggiora R., Rapoport M., et al. (2008). Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2, buenos aires, argentina. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14 1178–1180. 10.3201/eid1407.070826
    1. Patel R. (2013). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in clinical microbiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 57 564–572. 10.1093/cid/cit247
    1. Peirano G., Ahmed-Bentley J., Fuller J., Rubin J. E., Pitout J. D. (2014). Travel-related carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Alberta, Canada: the first 3 years. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52 1575–1581. 10.1128/JCM.00162-14
    1. Peirano G., Pillai D. R., Pitondo-Silva A., Richardson D., Pitout J. D. (2011). The characteristics of NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Canada. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 71 106–109. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.06.013
    1. Peirano G., Seki L. M., Val Passos V. L., Pinto M. C., Guerra L. R., Asensi M. D. (2009). Carbapenem-hydrolysing β-lactamase KPC-2 in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in Rio de Janeiro. Braz. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63 265–268. 10.1093/jac/dkn484
    1. Pena I., Picazo J. J., Rodriguez-Avial C., Rodriguez-Avial I. (2014). Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain: high percentage of colistin resistance among VIM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 isolates. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 43 460–464. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.021
    1. Pereira P. S., Borghi M., Albano R. M., Lopes J. C., Silveira M. C., Marques E. A., et al. (2015). Coproduction of NDM-1 and KPC-2 in Enterobacter hormaechei from Brazil. Microb. Drug Resist. 21 234–236. 10.1089/mdr.2014.0171
    1. Perilli M., Bottoni C., Grimaldi A., Segatore B., Celenza G., Mariani M., et al. (2013). Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harbouring blaKPC-3 and blaVIM-2 from central Italy. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 75 218–221. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.10.008
    1. Pesesky M. W., Hussain T., Wallace M., Wang B., Andleeb S., Burnham C. A., et al. (2015). KPC and NDM-1 genes in related Enterobacteriaceae strains and plasmids from Pakistan and the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21 1034–1037. 10.3201/eid2106.141504
    1. Peter H., Berggrav K., Thomas P., Pfeifer Y., Witte W., Templeton K., et al. (2012). Direct detection and genotyping of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases from urine by use of a new DNA microarray test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50 3990–3998. 10.1128/JCM.00990-12
    1. Pfeifer Y., Schlatterer K., Engelmann E., Schiller R. A., Frangenberg H. R., Stiewe D., et al. (2012). Emergence of OXA-48-type carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in German hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 2125–2128. 10.1128/AAC.05315-11
    1. Picao R. C., Santos A. F., Nicoletti A. G., Furtado G. H., Gales A. C. (2010). Detection of GES-5-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brazil. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65 796–797. 10.1093/jac/dkq024
    1. Pires J., Novais A., Peixe L. (2013). Blue-carba, an easy biochemical test for detection of diverse carbapenemase producers directly from bacterial cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 4281–4283. 10.1128/JCM.01634-13
    1. Pitart C., Sole M., Roca I., Fabrega A., Vila J., Marco F. (2011). First outbreak of a plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing OXA-48 β-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Spain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 4398–4401. 10.1128/AAC.00329-11
    1. Pitout J. D., Nordmann P., Poirel L. (2015). Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Key pathogen set for global nosocomial dominance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 5873–5884. 10.1128/AAC.01019-15
    1. Poirel L., Al Maskari Z., Al Rashdi F., Bernabeu S., Nordmann P. (2011a). NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in the Sultanate of Oman. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 304–306. 10.1093/jac/dkq428
    1. Poirel L., Benouda A., Hays C., Nordmann P. (2011b). Emergence of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Morocco. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 2781–2783. 10.1093/jac/dkr384
    1. Poirel L., Castanheira M., Carrer A., Rodriguez C. P., Jones R. N., Smayevsky J., et al. (2011c). OXA-163, an OXA-48-related class D β-lactamase with extended activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 2546–2551. 10.1128/AAC.00022-11
    1. Poirel L., Dortet L., Bernabeu S., Nordmann P. (2011d). Genetic features of blaNDM-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 5403–5407. 10.1128/AAC.00585-11
    1. Poirel L., Fortineau N., Nordmann P. (2011e). International transfer of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Iraq to France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 1821–1822. 10.1128/AAC.01761-10
    1. Poirel L., Revathi G., Bernabeu S., Nordmann P. (2011f). Detection of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Kenya. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 934–936. 10.1128/AAC.01247-10
    1. Poirel L., Schrenzel J., Cherkaoui A., Bernabeu S., Renzi G., Nordmann P. (2011g). Molecular analysis of NDM-1-producing enterobacterial isolates from Geneva, Switzerland. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 1730–1733. 10.1093/jac/dkr174
    1. Poirel L., Carbonnelle E., Bernabeu S., Gutmann L., Rotimi V., Nordmann P. (2012a). Importation of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Kuwait. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 2051–2052. 10.1093/jac/dks167
    1. Poirel L., Lascols C., Bernabeu S., Nordmann P. (2012b). NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in mauritius. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 598–599. 10.1128/AAC.05639-11
    1. Poirel L., Potron A., Nordmann P. (2012c). OXA-48-like carbapenemases: the phantom menace. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 1597–1606. 10.1093/jac/dks121
    1. Poirel L., Heritier C., Podglajen I., Sougakoff W., Gutmann L., Nordmann P. (2003). Emergence in Klebsiella pneumoniae of a chromosome-encoded SHV β-lactamase that compromises the efficacy of imipenem. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47 755–758. 10.1128/AAC.47.2.755-758.2003
    1. Poirel L., Heritier C., Tolun V., Nordmann P. (2004). Emergence of oxacillinase-mediated resistance to imipenem in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 15–22. 10.1128/AAC.48.1.15-22.2004
    1. Poirel L., Kieffer N., Nordmann P. (2016). In vitro evaluation of dual carbapenem combinations against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 71 156–161. 10.1093/jac/dkv294
    1. Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2015). Rapidec carba NP Test for rapid detection of carbapenemase producers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 3003–3008. 10.1128/JCM.00977-15
    1. Poirel L., Pitout J. D., Nordmann P. (2007). Carbapenemases: molecular diversity and clinical consequences. Future Microbiol. 2 501–512. 10.2217/17460913.2.5.501
    1. Poirel L., Yilmaz M., Istanbullu A., Arslan F., Mert A., Bernabeu S., et al. (2014). Spread of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a neonatal intensive care unit in Istanbul, Turkey. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 2929–2933. 10.1128/AAC.02047-13
    1. Potron A., Nordmann P., Lafeuille E., Al Maskari Z., Al Rashdi F., Poirel L. (2011). Characterization of OXA-181, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 4896–4899. 10.1128/AAC.00481-11
    1. Potron A., Poirel L., Nordmann P. (2014). Derepressed transfer properties leading to the efficient spread of the plasmid encoding carbapenemase OXA-48. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 467–471. 10.1128/AAC.01344-13
    1. Potron A., Poirel L., Rondinaud E., Nordmann P. (2013). Intercontinental spread of OXA-48 β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae over a 11-year period, 2001 to 2011. Euro. Surveill. 18:20549 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.31.20549
    1. Potron A., Schrenzel J., Poirel L., Renzi G., Cherkaoui A., Nordmann P. (2012). Emergence of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Switzerland. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 40 563–564. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.07.003
    1. Pournaras S., Poulou A., Tsakris A. (2010a). Inhibitor-based methods for the detection of KPC carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in clinical practice by using boronic acid compounds. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65 1319–1321. 10.1093/jac/dkq124
    1. Pournaras S., Poulou A., Voulgari E., Vrioni G., Kristo I., Tsakris A. (2010b). Detection of the new metallo-β-lactamase VIM-19 along with KPC-2, CMY-2 and CTX-M-15 in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65 1604–1607. 10.1093/jac/dkq190
    1. Qi Y., Wei Z., Ji S., Du X., Shen P., Yu Y. (2011). ST11, the dominant clone of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 307–312. 10.1093/jac/dkq431
    1. Qin S., Fu Y., Zhang Q., Qi H., Wen J. G., Xu H., et al. (2014). High incidence and endemic spread of NDM-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in Henan Province, China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 4275–4282. 10.1128/AAC.02813-13
    1. Quiles M. G., Rocchetti T. T., Fehlberg L. C., Kusano E. J., Chebabo A., Pereira R. M., et al. (2015). Unusual association of NDM-1 with KPC-2 and armA among Brazilian Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 48 174–177. 10.1590/1414-431X20144154
    1. Quinones D., Hart M., Espinosa F., Garcia S., Carmona Y., Ghosh S., et al. (2014). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates producing KPC-2 carbapenemase in Cuba. New Microbes New Infect. 2 123–126. 10.1002/nmi2.54
    1. Rajabnia R., Asgharpour F., Ferdosi Shahandashti E., Moulana Z. (2015). Nosocomial emerging of (VIM1) carbapenemase-producing isolates of in North of Iran. Iran J. Microbiol. 7 88–93.
    1. Rasheed J. K., Kitchel B., Zhu W., Anderson K. F., Clark N. C., Ferraro M. J., et al. (2013). New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19 870–878. 10.3201/eid1906.121515
    1. Reddy A. K., Balne P. K., Reddy R. K., Mathai A., Kaur I. (2010). Development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and inexpensive detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in vitreous specimens from suspected cases of viral retinitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48 2050–2052. 10.1128/JCM.02248-09
    1. Ribeiro S. M., de la Fuente-Nunez C., Baquir B., Faria-Junior C., Franco O. L., Hancock R. E. (2015). Antibiofilm peptides increase the susceptibility of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to b-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 3906–3912. 10.1128/AAC.00092-15
    1. Richter S. N., Frasson I., Bergo C., Parisi S., Cavallaro A., Palù G. (2011). Transfer of KPC-2 Carbapenemase from Klebsiella pneumoniae to Escherichia coli in a patient: first case in Europe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49 2040–2042. 10.1128/JCM.00133-11
    1. Richter S. N., Frasson I., Franchin E., Bergo C., Lavezzo E., Barzon L., et al. (2012). KPC-mediated resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in two hospitals in Padua, Italy, June 2009-December 2011: massive spreading of a KPC-3-encoding plasmid and involvement of non-intensive care units. Gut Pathog. 4:7 10.1186/1757-4749-4-7
    1. Rimrang B., Chanawong A., Lulitanond A., Wilailuckana C., Charoensri N., Sribenjalux P., et al. (2012). Emergence of NDM-1- and IMP-14a-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Thailand. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 2626–2630. 10.1093/jac/dks267
    1. Robert J., Pantel A., Merens A., Lavigne J. P., Nicolas-Chanoine M. H., Group O. N. S. C. R. S. (2014). Incidence rates of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates in France: a prospective nationwide study in 2011-12. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 2706–2712. 10.1093/jac/dku208
    1. Robustillo Rodela A., Diaz-Agero Perez C., Sanchez Sagrado T., Ruiz-Garbajosa P., Pita Lopez M. J., Monge V. (2012). Emergence and outbreak of carbapenemase-producing KPC-3 Klebsiella pneumoniae in Spain, September 2009 to February 2010: control measures. Euro. Surveill. 17:20086.
    1. Roche C., Cotter M., O Connell N., Crowley B. (2009). First identification of class A carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Republic of Ireland. Euro. Surveill. 14:19163.
    1. Rock C., Thom K. A., Masnick M., Johnson J. K., Harris A. D., Morgan D. J. (2014). Frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing and non-KPC-producing Klebsiella species contamination of healthcare workers and the environment. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 35 426–429. 10.1086/675598
    1. Rodriguez-Avial I., Pena I., Picazo J. J., Rodriguez-Avial C., Culebras E. (2015). In vitro activity of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin alone and in combination with colistin, meropenem, fosfomycin or tigecycline against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 46 616–621. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.07.021
    1. Rodriguez-Martinez J. M., Nordmann P., Fortineau N., Poirel L. (2010). VIM-19, a metallo-β-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 471–476. 10.1128/AAC.00458-09
    1. Rojas L. J., Mojica M. F., Blanco V. M., Correa A., Montealegre M. C., De La Cadena E., et al. (2013). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Coharboring KPC and VIM Carbapenemases in Colombia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 1101–1102. 10.1128/AAC.01666-12
    1. Rose W. E., Rybak M. J. (2006). Tigecycline: first of a new class of antimicrobial agents. Pharmacotherapy 26 1099–1110. 10.1592/phco.26.8.1099
    1. Rosenblum R., Khan E., Gonzalez G., Hasan R., Schneiders T. (2011). Genetic regulation of the ramA locus and its expression in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 38 39–45. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.012
    1. Ruiz-Garbajosa P., Curiao T., Tato M., Gijon D., Pintado V., Valverde A., et al. (2013). Multiclonal dispersal of KPC genes following the emergence of non-ST258 KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clones in Madrid, Spain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 2487–2492. 10.1093/jac/dkt237
    1. Ruzin A., Visalli M. A., Keeney D., Bradford P. A. (2005). Influence of transcriptional activator RamA on expression of multidrug efflux pump AcrAB and tigecycline susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 1017–1022. 10.1128/AAC.49.3.1017-1022.2005
    1. Saito R., Takahashi R., Sawabe E., Koyano S., Takahashi Y., Shima M., et al. (2014). First report of KPC-2 Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 2961–2963. 10.1128/AAC.02072-13
    1. Samuelsen O., Naseer U., Tofteland S., Skutlaberg D. H., Onken A., Hjetland R., et al. (2009). Emergence of clonally related Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of sequence type 258 producing plasmid-mediated KPC carbapenemase in Norway and Sweden. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63 654–658. 10.1093/jac/dkp018
    1. Sattar H., Toleman M., Nahid F., Zahra R. (2014). Co-existence of blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Pakistan. J. Chemother. 10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000223 [Epub ahead of print]
    1. Sautrey G., Duval R. E., Chevalley A., Fontanay S., Clarot I. (2015). Capillary electrophoresis for fast detection of heterogeneous population in colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Electrophoresis 36 2630–2633. 10.1002/elps.201500064
    1. Seara N., Oteo J., Carrillo R., Perez-Blanco V., Mingorance J., Gomez-Gil R., et al. (2015). Interhospital spread of NDM-7-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to ST437 in Spain. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 46 169–173. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.04.001
    1. Seiffert S. N., Marschall J., Perreten V., Carattoli A., Furrer H., Endimiani A. (2014). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae co-producing NDM-1, OXA-48, CTX-M-15, CMY-16, QnrA and ArmA in Switzerland. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 44 260–262. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.008
    1. Semin-Pelletier B., Cazet L., Bourigault C., Juvin M. E., Boutoille D., Raffi F., et al. (2015). Challenges of controlling a large outbreak of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a French university hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 89 248–253. 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.11.018
    1. Shahcheraghi F., Nobari S., Rahmati Ghezelgeh F., Nasiri S., Owlia P., Nikbin V. S., et al. (2013). First report of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Iran. Microb. Drug Resist. 19 30–36. 10.1089/mdr.2012.0078
    1. Shanmugam P., Meenakshisundaram J., Jayaraman P. (2013). blaKPC gene detection in clinical isolates of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary care hospital. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 7 2736–2738. 10.7860/JCDR/2013/7759.3747
    1. Shen P., Wei Z., Jiang Y., Du X., Ji S., Yu Y., et al. (2009). Novel genetic environment of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase KPC-2 among Enterobacteriaceae in China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 4333–4338. 10.1128/AAC.00260-09
    1. Shibl A., Al-Agamy M., Memish Z., Senok A., Khader S. A., Assiri A. (2013). The emergence of OXA-48- and NDM-1-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 17:e1130–3 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.06.016
    1. Shin S. Y., Bae I. K., Kim J., Jeong S. H., Yong D., Kim J. M., et al. (2012). Resistance to carbapenems in sequence type 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae is related to DHA-1 and loss of OmpK35 and/or OmpK36. J. Med. Microbiol. 61 239–245. 10.1099/jmm.0.037036-0
    1. Shoma S., Kamruzzaman M., Ginn A. N., Iredell J. R., Partridge S. R. (2014). Characterization of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from Australia carrying blaNDM-1. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 78 93–97. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.001
    1. Sidjabat H. E., Townell N., Nimmo G. R., George N. M., Robson J., Vohra R., et al. (2015). Dominance of IMP-4-producing enterobacter cloacae among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Australia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 4059–4066. 10.1128/AAC.04378-14
    1. Solanki R., Vanjari L., Ede N., Gungi A., Soory A., Vemu L. (2013). Evaluation of LAMP assay using phenotypic tests and conventional PCR for detection of blaNDM-1 and blaKPC genes among carbapenem-resistant clinical Gram-negative isolates. J. Med. Microbiol. 62 1540–1544. 10.1099/jmm.0.059907-0
    1. Solanki R., Vanjari L., Subramanian S., B A., E N., Lakshmi V. (2014). Comparative evaluation of multiplex PCR and routine laboratory phenotypic methods for detection of carbapenemases among gram negative bacilli. J. Clin. Diagn. Res 8 DC23–DC26 10.7860/JCDR/2014/10794.5322
    1. Sonnevend A., Al Baloushi A., Ghazawi A., Hashmey R., Girgis S., Hamadeh M. B., et al. (2013). Emergence and spread of NDM-1 producer Enterobacteriaceae with contribution of IncX3 plasmids in the United Arab Emirates. J. Med. Microbiol. 62 1044–1050. 10.1099/jmm.0.059014-0
    1. Sonnevend A., Ghazawi A., Darwish D., AlDeesi Z., Kadhum A. F., Pal T. (2015a). Characterization of KPC-type carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in the Arabian Peninsula. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 1592–1593. 10.1093/jac/dku576
    1. Sonnevend A., Ghazawi A. A., Hashmey R., Jamal W., Rotimi V. O., Shibl A. M., et al. (2015b). Characterization of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae with high rate of autochthonous transmission in the Arabian Peninsula. PLoS ONE 10:e0131372 10.1371/journal.pone.0131372
    1. Spanu T., Fiori B., D’Inzeo T., Canu G., Campoli S., Giani T., et al. (2012). Evaluation of the new NucliSENS EasyQ KPC test for rapid detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase genes (blaKPC). J. Clin. Microbiol. 50 2783–2785. 10.1128/JCM.00284-12
    1. Spyropoulou A., Bartzavali C., Vamvakopoulou S., Marangos M., Anastassiou E. D., Spiliopoulou I., et al. (2016). The first NDM Metallo-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate in a University Hospital of Southwestern Greece. J. Chemother. 10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000003 [Epub ahead of print].
    1. Steinmann J., Kaase M., Gatermann S., Popp W., Steinmann E., Damman M., et al. (2011). Outbreak due to a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain harbouring KPC-2 and VIM-1 in a German university hospital, July 2010 to January 2011. Euro. Surveill. 16:19944.
    1. Stoesser N., Giess A., Batty E. M., Sheppard A. E., Walker A. S., Wilson D. J., et al. (2014). Genome sequencing of an extended series of NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from neonatal infections in a Nepali hospital characterizes the extent of community- versus hospital-associated transmission in an endemic setting. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 7347–7357. 10.1128/AAC.03900-14
    1. Studentova V., Dobiasova H., Hedlova D., Dolejska M., Papagiannitsis C. C., Hrabak J. (2015). Complete nucleotide sequences of two NDM-1-encoding plasmids from the same sequence type 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 1325–1328. 10.1128/AAC.04095-14
    1. Sun Y., Cai Y., Liu X., Bai N., Liang B., Wang R. (2013). The emergence of clinical resistance to tigecycline. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 41 110–116. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.09.005
    1. Swayne R., Ellington M. J., Curran M. D., Woodford N., Aliyu S. H. (2013). Utility of a novel multiplex TaqMan PCR assay for metallo-β-lactamase genes plus other TaqMan assays in detecting genes encoding serine carbapenemases and clinically significant extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42 352–356. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.06.018
    1. Székely E., Damjanova I., Jánvári L., Vas K. E., Molnár S., Bilca D. V., et al. (2013). First description of blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-181 producing Enterobacteriaceae strains in Romania. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 303 697–700. 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.10.001
    1. Tada T., Miyoshi-Akiyama T., Dahal R. K., Mishra S. K., Ohara H., Shimada K., et al. (2013). Dissemination of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates with various combinations of carbapenemases (NDM-1 and OXA-72) and 16S rRNA methylases (ArmA, RmtC and RmtF) in Nepal. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42 372–374. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.06.014
    1. Tamayo M., Santiso R., Otero F., Bou G., Lepe J. A., McConnell M. J., et al. (2013). Rapid determination of colistin resistance in clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii by use of the micromax assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 3675–3682. 10.1128/JCM.01787-13
    1. Tangden T., Giske C. G. (2015). Global dissemination of extensively drug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: clinical perspectives on detection, treatment and infection control. J. Intern. Med. 277 501–512. 10.1111/joim.12342
    1. Tangden T., Hickman R. A., Forsberg P., Lagerback P., Giske C. G., Cars O. (2014). Evaluation of double- and triple-antibiotic combinations for VIM- and NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae by in vitro time-kill experiments. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 1757–1762. 10.1128/AAC.00741-13
    1. Tascini C., Tagliaferri E., Giani T., Leonildi A., Flammini S., Casini B., et al. (2013). Synergistic activity of colistin plus rifampin against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 3990–3993. 10.1128/AAC.00179-13
    1. Temkin E., Adler A., Lerner A., Carmeli Y. (2014). Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: biology, epidemiology, and management. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1323 22–42. 10.1111/nyas.12537
    1. Teo J. W. P., Kurup A., Lin R. T. P., Hsien K. T. (2013). Emergence of clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae producing OXA-232 carbapenemase in Singapore. New Microbes New Infect. 1 13–15. 10.1002/2052-2975.4
    1. Thomas C. P., Moore L. S., Elamin N., Doumith M., Zhang J., Maharjan S., et al. (2013). Early (2008–2010) hospital outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing OXA-48 carbapenemase in the UK. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42 531–536. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.020
    1. Tijet N., Boyd D., Patel S. N., Mulvey M. R., Melano R. G. (2013). Evaluation of the Carba NP test for rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 4578–4580. 10.1128/AAC.00878-13
    1. Tofteland S., Naseer U., Lislevand J. H., Sundsfjord A., Samuelsen O. (2013). A long-term low-frequency hospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae involving Intergenus plasmid diffusion and a persisting environmental reservoir. PLoS ONE 8:e59015 10.1371/journal.pone.0059015
    1. Toledo P. V., Aranha Junior A. A., Arend L. N., Ribeiro V., Zavascki A. P., Tuon F. F. (2015). Activity of antimicrobial combinations against KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a rat model and time-kill assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 4301–4304. 10.1128/AAC.00323-15
    1. Toleman M. A., Spencer J., Jones L., Walsh T. R. (2012). blaNDM-1 is a chimera likely constructed in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 2773–2776. 10.1128/AAC.06297-11
    1. Tollentino F. M., Polotto M., Nogueira M. L., Lincopan N., Neves P., Mamizuka E. M., et al. (2011). High prevalence of blaCTX-M extended spectrum β-lactamase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a tertiary care hospital: first report of blaSHV-12, blaSHV-31 blaSHV-38 and blaCTX-M-15 in Brazil. Microb. Drug Resist. 17 7–16. 10.1089/mdr.2010.0055
    1. Toth A., Damjanova I., Puskas E., Janvari L., Farkas M., Dobak A., et al. (2010). Emergence of a colistin-resistant KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 clone in Hungary. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 29 765–769. 10.1007/s10096-010-0921-3
    1. Tsai Y. K., Liou C. H., Fung C. P., Lin J. C., Siu L. K. (2013). Single or in combination antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae contribute to varied susceptibility to different carbapenems. PLoS ONE 8:e79640 10.1371/journal.pone.0079640
    1. Tsakris A., Kristo I., Poulou A., Markou F., Ikonomidis A., Pournaras S. (2008). First occurrence of KPC-2-possessing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Greek hospital and recommendation for detection with boronic acid disc tests. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62 1257–1260. 10.1093/jac/dkn364
    1. Tsakris A., Poulou A., Bogaerts P., Dimitroulia E., Pournaras S., Glupczynski Y. (2015). Evaluation of a new phenotypic OXA-48 disk test for differentiation of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53 1245–1251. 10.1128/JCM.03318-14
    1. Tsakris A., Poulou A., Pournaras S., Voulgari E., Vrioni G., Themeli-Digalaki K., et al. (2010). A simple phenotypic method for the differentiation of metallo-β-lactamases and class A KPC carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65 1664–1671. 10.1093/jac/dkq210
    1. Tseng I. L., Liu Y. M., Wang S. J., Yeh H. Y., Hsieh C. L., Lu H. L., et al. (2015). Emergence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and spread of KPC-2 and KPC-17 in Taiwan: a nationwide study from 2011 to 2013. PLoS ONE 10:e0138471 10.1371/journal.pone.0138471
    1. Tumbarello M., Trecarichi E. M., De Rosa F. G., Giannella M., Giacobbe D. R., Bassetti M., et al. (2015). Infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: differences in therapy and mortality in a multicentre study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 2133–2143. 10.1093/jac/dkv086
    1. Tumbarello M., Viale P., Viscoli C., Trecarichi E. M., Tumietto F., Marchese A., et al. (2012). Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55 943–950. 10.1093/cid/cis588
    1. Tzouvelekis L. S., Markogiannakis A., Piperaki E., Souli M., Daikos G. L. (2014). Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 862–872. 10.1111/1469-0691.12697
    1. Tzouvelekis L. S., Miriagou V., Kotsakis S. D., Spyridopoulou K., Athanasiou E., Karagouni E., et al. (2013). KPC-producing, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258 as a typical opportunistic pathogen. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 5144–5146. 10.1128/AAC.01052-13
    1. Vaara M. (2010). Polymyxins and their novel derivatives. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 13 574–581. 10.1016/j.mib.2010.09.002
    1. van der Zwaluw K., de Haan A., Pluister G. N., Bootsma H. J., de Neeling A. J., Schouls L. M. (2015). The carbapenem inactivation method (CIM), a simple and low-cost alternative for the Carba NP test to assess phenotypic carbapenemase activity in gram-negative rods. PLoS ONE 10:e0123690 10.1371/journal.pone.0123690
    1. Vasoo S., Cunningham S. A., Kohner P. C., Simner P. J., Mandrekar J. N., Lolans K., et al. (2013). Comparison of a novel, rapid chromogenic biochemical assay, the Carba NP test, with the modified Hodge test for detection of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 3097–3101. 10.1128/JCM.00965-13
    1. Villa L., Poirel L., Nordmann P., Carta C., Carattoli A. (2012). Complete sequencing of an IncH plasmid carrying the blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-15 and qnrB1 genes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 1645–1650. 10.1093/jac/dks114
    1. Villegas M. V., Lolans K., Correa A., Suarez C. J., Lopez J. A., Vallejo M., et al. (2006). First detection of the plasmid-mediated class A carbapenemase KPC-2 in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from South America. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50 2880–2882. 10.1128/AAC.00186-06
    1. Virgincar N., Iyer S., Stacey A., Maharjan S., Pike R., Perry C., et al. (2011). Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC carbapenemase in a district general hospital in the UK. J. Hosp. Infect. 78 293–296. 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.03.016
    1. Voulgari E., Gartzonika C., Vrioni G., Politi L., Priavali E., Levidiotou-Stefanou S., et al. (2014). The balkan region: NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 clonal strain causing outbreaks in Greece. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69 2091–2097. 10.1093/jac/dku105
    1. Voulgari E., Zarkotou O., Ranellou K., Karageorgopoulos D. E., Vrioni G., Mamali V., et al. (2013). Outbreak of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece involving an ST11 clone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68 84–88. 10.1093/jac/dks356
    1. Vourli S., Giakkoupi P., Miriagou V., Tzelepi E., Vatopoulos A. C., Tzouvelekis L. S. (2004). Novel GES/IBC extended-spectrum β-lactamase variants with carbapenemase activity in clinical enterobacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 234 209–213. 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.03.028
    1. Vrioni G., Daniil I., Voulgari E., Ranellou K., Koumaki V., Ghirardi S., et al. (2012). Comparative evaluation of a prototype chromogenic medium (ChromID CARBA) for detecting carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in surveillance rectal swabs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50 1841–1846. 10.1128/JCM.06848-11
    1. Wachino J., Yamane K., Suzuki S., Kimura K., Arakawa Y. (2010). Prevalence of fosfomycin resistance among CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Japan and identification of novel plasmid-mediated fosfomycin-modifying enzymes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 3061–3064. 10.1128/AAC.01834-09
    1. Wailan A. M., Paterson D. L., Kennedy K., Ingram P. R., Bursle E., Sidjabat H. E. (2015). Genomic characteristics of NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Australia and their blaNDM genetic contexts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60 136–141. 10.1128/AAC.01243-15
    1. Wang D., Chen J., Yang L., Mou Y., Yang Y. (2014a). Phenotypic and enzymatic comparative analysis of the KPC variants, KPC-2 and its recently discovered variant KPC-15. PLoS ONE 9:e111491 10.1371/journal.pone.0111491
    1. Wang D., Hou W., Chen J., Mou Y., Yang L., Yang L., et al. (2014b). Characterization of the blaKPC-2 and blaKPC-3 genes and the novel blaKPC-15 gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Med. Microbiol. 63 981–987. 10.1099/jmm.0.073841-0
    1. Wang L., Gu H., Lu X. (2012). A rapid low-cost real-time PCR for the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase genes. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 11:9 10.1186/1476-0711-11-9
    1. Wang P., Chen S., Guo Y., Xiong Z., Hu F., Zhu D., et al. (2011). Occurrence of false positive results for the detection of carbapenemases in carbapenemase-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. PLoS ONE 6:e26356 10.1371/journal.pone.0026356
    1. Wang X. D., Cai J. C., Zhou H. W., Zhang R., Chen G. X. (2009). Reduced susceptibility to carbapenems in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates associated with plasmid-mediated β-lactamase production and OmpK36 porin deficiency. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(Pt 9), 1196–1202. 10.1099/jmm.0.008094-0
    1. Wang X., Chen G., Wu X., Wang L., Cai J., Chan E. W., et al. (2015). Increased prevalence of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in hospital setting due to cross-species transmission of the blaNDM-1 element and clonal spread of progenitor resistant strains. Front. Microbiol. 6:595 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00595
    1. Wang X., Li H., Zhao C., Chen H., Liu J., Wang Z., et al. (2014c). Novel NDM-9 metallo-β-lactamase identified from a ST107 Klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in China. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 44 90–91. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.04.010
    1. Wang X., Xu X., Li Z., Chen H., Wang Q., Yang P., et al. (2014d). An outbreak of a nosocomial NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 at a teaching hospital in mainland China. Microb. Drug Resist. 20 144–149. 10.1089/mdr.2013.0100
    1. Wang X., Zhang F., Zhao C., Wang Z., Nichols W. W., Testa R., et al. (2014e). In vitro activities of ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam against 372 Gram-negative bacilli collected in 2011 and 2012 from 11 teaching hospitals in China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 1774–1778. 10.1128/AAC.02123-13
    1. Warburg G., Hidalgo-Grass C., Partridge S. R., Tolmasky M. E., Temper V., Moses A. E., et al. (2012). A carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae epidemic clone in Jerusalem: sequence type 512 carrying a plasmid encoding aac(6’)-Ib. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67 898–901. 10.1093/jac/dkr552
    1. Wendt C., Schutt S., Dalpke A. H., Konrad M., Mieth M., Trierweiler-Hauke B., et al. (2010). First outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae in Germany. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 29 563–570. 10.1007/s10096-010-0896-0
    1. Weterings V., Zhou K., Rossen J. W., van Stenis D., Thewessen E., Kluytmans J., et al. (2015). An outbreak of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Netherlands (July to December 2013), with inter-institutional spread. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34 1647–1655. 10.1007/s10096-015-2401-2
    1. Willemse-Erix D., Bakker-Schut T., Slagboom-Bax F., Jachtenberg J. W., Lemmens-den Toom N., Papagiannitsis C. C., et al. (2012). Rapid typing of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates by use of SpectraCell RA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50 1370–1375. 10.1128/JCM.05423-11
    1. Williamson D. A., Heffernan H., Sidjabat H., Roberts S. A., Paterson D., Smith L. M., et al. (2011). Intercontinental transfer of OXA-181-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae into New Zealand. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 2888–2890. 10.1093/jac/dkr396
    1. Williamson D. A., Sidjabat H. E., Freeman J. T., Roberts S. A., Silvey A., Woodhouse R., et al. (2012). Identification and molecular characterisation of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)- and NDM-6-producing Enterobacteriaceae from New Zealand hospitals. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 39 529–533. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.017
    1. Wiskirchen D. E., Nordmann P., Crandon J. L., Nicolau D. P. (2013). Efficacy of humanized carbapenem exposures against New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1)-producing enterobacteriaceae in a murine infection model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 3936–3940. 10.1128/AAC.00708-13
    1. Wiskirchen D. E., Nordmann P., Crandon J. L., Nicolau D. P. (2014a). Efficacy of humanized carbapenem and ceftazidime regimens against Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48 carbapenemase in a murine infection model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 1678–1683. 10.1128/AAC.01947-13
    1. Wiskirchen D. E., Nordmann P., Crandon J. L., Nicolau D. P. (2014b). In vivo efficacy of human simulated regimens of carbapenems and comparator agents against NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 1671–1677. 10.1128/AAC.01946-13
    1. Wolter D. J., Kurpiel P. M., Woodford N., Palepou M. F., Goering R. V., Hanson N. D. (2009). Phenotypic and enzymatic comparative analysis of the novel KPC variant KPC-5 and its evolutionary variants, KPC-2 and KPC-4. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 557–562. 10.1128/AAC.00734-08
    1. Woodford N., Tierno P. M., Jr., Young K., Tysall L., Palepou M. F. I., Ward E., et al. (2004). Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing a new carbapenem-hydrolyzing class a β-Lactamase, KPC-3, in a New York medical center. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 4793–4799. 10.1128/AAC.48.12.4793-4799.2004
    1. Woodford N., Zhang J., Warner M., Kaufmann M. E., Matos J., Macdonald A., et al. (2008). Arrival of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC carbapenemase in the United Kingdom. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62 1261–1264. 10.1093/jac/dkn396
    1. Wrenn C., O’Brien D., Keating D., Roche C., Rose L., Ronayne A., et al. (2014). Investigation of the first outbreak of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ireland. J. Hosp. Infect. 87 41–46. 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.001
    1. Xiang D. R., Li J. J., Sheng Z. K., Yu H. Y., Deng M., Bi S., et al. (2015). Complete sequence of a novel IncR-F33:A-:B- Plasmid, pKP1034, Harboring fosA3 blaKPC-2 blaCTX-M-65 blaSHV-12 and rmtB from an epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 11 Strain in China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60 1343–1348. 10.1128/AAC.01488-15
    1. Yamamoto T., Takano T., Fusegawa T., Shibuya T., Hung W. C., Higuchi W., et al. (2013). Electron microscopic structures, serum resistance, and plasmid restructuring of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)-producing ST42 Klebsiella pneumoniae emerging in Japan. J. Infect. Chemother. 19 118–127. 10.1007/s10156-012-0470-z
    1. Yan Y., Yang H., Pan L., Sun K., Fan H., Lu Y., et al. (2014). Improving the efficiency of the modified Hodge test in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates by incorporating an EDTA disk. Curr. Microbiol. 69 47–52. 10.1007/s00284-014-0552-5
    1. Yang J., Ye L., Guo L., Zhao Q., Chen R., Luo Y., et al. (2013). A nosocomial outbreak of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Chinese hospital: dissemination of ST11 and emergence of ST37, ST392 and ST395. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19 E509–E515. 10.1111/1469-0691.12275
    1. Yigit H., Queenan A. M., Anderson G. J., Domenech-Sanchez A., Biddle J. W., Steward C. D., et al. (2001). Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 1151–1161. 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1151-1161.2001
    1. Yong D., Toleman M. A., Giske C. G., Cho H. S., Sundman K., Lee K., et al. (2009). Characterization of a new metallo-β-lactamase gene, blaNDM-1, and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 5046–5054. 10.1128/AAC.00774-09
    1. Yoo J. S., Kim H. M., Yoo J. I., Yang J. W., Kim H. S., Chung G. T., et al. (2013). Detection of clonal KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 in Korea during nationwide surveillance in 2011. J. Med. Microbiol. 62 1338–1342. 10.1099/jmm.0.059428-0
    1. Yu W. L., Lee M. F., Tang H. J., Chang M. C., Walther-Rasmussen J., Chuang Y. C. (2015). Emergence of KPC new variants (KPC-16 and KPC-17) and ongoing outbreak in southern Taiwan. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21 375.e5–375.e8 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.030
    1. Yusuf E., Van Der Meeren S., Schallier A., Pierard D. (2014). Comparison of the Carba NP test with the Rapid CARB screen Kit for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 33 2237–2240. 10.1007/s10096-014-2199-3
    1. Zagorianou A., Sianou E., Iosifidis E., Dimou V., Protonotariou E., Miyakis S., et al. (2012). Microbiological and molecular characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae endemic in a tertiary Greek hospital during 2004-2010. Euro. Surveill. 17:20088.
    1. Zaidi A. K., Huskins W. C., Thaver D., Bhutta Z. A., Abbas Z., Goldmann D. A. (2005). Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet 365 1175–1188. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71881-X
    1. Zarfel G., Hoenigl M., Wurstl B., Leitner E., Salzer H. J., Valentin T., et al. (2011). Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Austria, 2001-2010. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17 E5–E8. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03659.x
    1. Zhang X., Li X., Wang M., Yue H., Li P., Liu Y., et al. (2015). Outbreak of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae causing neonatal infection in a teaching hospital in mainland China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59 4349–4351. 10.1128/AAC.03868-14
    1. Zhang Y., Jiang X., Wang Y., Li G., Tian Y., Liu H., et al. (2014). Contribution of β-lactamases and porin proteins OmpK35 and OmpK36 to carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 1214–1217. 10.1128/AAC.02045-12
    1. Zhong X., Xu H., Chen D., Zhou H., Hu X., Cheng G. (2014). First emergence of acrAB and oqxAB mediated tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae pre-dating the use of tigecycline in a Chinese hospital. PLoS ONE 9:e115185 10.1371/journal.pone.0115185
    1. Zowawi H. M., Forde B. M., Alfaresi M., Alzarouni A., Farahat Y., Chong T. M., et al. (2015). Stepwise evolution of pandrug-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci. Rep. 5:15082 10.1038/srep15082
    1. Zowawi H. M., Sartor A. L., Balkhy H. H., Walsh T. R., Al Johani S. M., AlJindan R. Y., et al. (2014). Molecular characterization of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the countries of the Gulf cooperation council: dominance of OXA-48 and NDM producers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58 3085–3090. 10.1128/AAC.02050-13
    1. Zujic Atalic V., Bedenic B., Kocsis E., Mazzariol A., Sardelic S., Barisic M., et al. (2014). Diversity of carbapenemases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Croatia–the results of a multicentre study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 O894–O903 10.1111/1469-0691.12635

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi