Dengue and chikungunya among outpatients with acute undifferentiated fever in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: A cross-sectional study

Sam Proesmans, Freddy Katshongo, John Milambu, Blaise Fungula, Hypolite Muhindo Mavoko, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Raquel Inocêncio da Luz, Marjan Van Esbroeck, Kevin K Ariën, Lieselotte Cnops, Birgit De Smet, Pascal Lutumba, Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Veerle Vanlerberghe, Sam Proesmans, Freddy Katshongo, John Milambu, Blaise Fungula, Hypolite Muhindo Mavoko, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Raquel Inocêncio da Luz, Marjan Van Esbroeck, Kevin K Ariën, Lieselotte Cnops, Birgit De Smet, Pascal Lutumba, Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Veerle Vanlerberghe

Abstract

Background: Pathogens causing acute fever, with the exception of malaria, remain largely unidentified in sub-Saharan Africa, given the local unavailability of diagnostic tests and the broad differential diagnosis.

Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study including outpatient acute undifferentiated fever in both children and adults, between November 2015 and June 2016 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for selected arboviral infections were performed on blood, including PCR, NS1-RDT, ELISA and IFA for acute, and ELISA and IFA for past infections.

Results: Investigation among 342 patients, aged 2 to 68 years (mean age of 21 years), with acute undifferentiated fever (having no clear focus of infection) revealed 19 (8.1%) acute dengue-caused by DENV-1 and/or DENV-2 -and 2 (0.9%) acute chikungunya infections. Furthermore, 30.2% and 26.4% of participants had been infected in the past with dengue and chikungunya, respectively. We found no evidence of acute Zika nor yellow fever virus infections. 45.3% of patients tested positive on malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test, 87.7% received antimalarial treatment and 64.3% received antibacterial treatment.

Discussion: Chikungunya outbreaks have been reported in the study area in the past, so the high seroprevalence is not surprising. However, scarce evidence exists on dengue transmission in Kinshasa and based on our data, circulation is more important than previously reported. Furthermore, our study shows that the prescription of antibiotics, both antibacterial and antimalarial drugs, is rampant. Studies like this one, elucidating the causes of acute fever, may lead to a more considerate and rigorous use of antibiotics. This will not only stem the ever-increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance, but will-ultimately and hopefully-improve the clinical care of outpatients in low-resource settings.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02656862.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Percentage of participants having an…
Fig 1. Percentage of participants having an acute dengue infection, Lisungi health center, DRCongo, 2015–2016.
Fig 2. Prevalence of flavi- and alphaviruses…
Fig 2. Prevalence of flavi- and alphaviruses infections and their related seroprevalence in patients with acute undifferentiated fever stratified by age at Lisungi health center, DRCongo, 11/2015-06/2016 (n = 235).

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