Community Susceptibility and Resiliency to COVID-19 Across the Rural-Urban Continuum in the United States

David J Peters, David J Peters

Abstract

Purpose: This study creates a COVID-19 susceptibility scale at the county level, describes its components, and then assesses the health and socioeconomic resiliency of susceptible places across the rural-urban continuum.

Methods: Factor analysis grouped 11 indicators into 7 distinct susceptibility factors for 3,079 counties in the conterminous United States. Unconditional mean differences are assessed using a multivariate general linear model. Data from 2018 are primarily taken from the US Census Bureau and CDC.

Results: About 33% of rural counties are highly susceptible to COVID-19, driven by older and health-compromised populations, and care facilities for the elderly. Major vulnerabilities in rural counties include fewer physicians, lack of mental health services, higher disability, and more uninsured. Poor Internet access limits telemedicine. Lack of social capital and social services may hinder local pandemic recovery. Meat processing facilities drive risk in micropolitan counties. Although metropolitan counties are less susceptible due to healthier and younger populations, about 6% are at risk due to community spread from dense populations. Metropolitan vulnerabilities include minorities at higher health and diabetes risk, language barriers, being a transportation hub that helps spread infection, and acute housing distress.

Conclusions: There is an immediate need to know specific types of susceptibilities and vulnerabilities ahead of time to allow local and state health officials to plan and allocate resources accordingly. In rural areas it is essential to shelter-in-place vulnerable populations, whereas in large metropolitan areas general closure orders are needed to stop community spread. Pandemic response plans should address vulnerabilities.

Keywords: COVID-19; community resiliency; county; rural-urban; susceptibility.

© 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Rural Health published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of National Rural Health Association.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
COVID‐19 Susceptibility Factor z‐Scores for N = 3,079 Counties in the Conterminous United States.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Share of Counties Susceptible to COVID‐19 by Percentiles for N = 3,079 Counties in the Conterminous United States.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spatial Distribution of COVID‐19 Susceptibility Scores by Quintiles for N = 3,079 Counties in the Conterminous United States.
Figure 4
Figure 4
COVID‐19 High Susceptibility (80th Percentile or Higher) Factor z‐Score Estimates for N = 616 Counties in the Conterminous United States.

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