Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report

Rui Chen, Shancheng Ren, Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium, Ming Kwong Yiu, Ng Chi Fai, Wai Sam Cheng, Lap Hong Ian, Seiji Naito, Tadashi Matsuda, Elijah Kehinde, Ali Kural, Jason Yichun Chiu, Rainy Umbas, Qiang Wei, Xiaolei Shi, Liqun Zhou, Jian Huang, Yiran Huang, Liping Xie, Lulin Ma, Changjun Yin, Danfeng Xu, Kexin Xu, Zhangqun Ye, Chunxiao Liu, Dingwei Ye, Xin Gao, Qiang Fu, Jianquan Hou, Jianlin Yuan, Dalin He, Tiejun Pan, Qiang Ding, Fengshuo Jin, Benkang Shi, Gongxian Wang, Xiuheng Liu, Dongwen Wang, Zhoujun Shen, Xiangbo Kong, Wanhai Xu, Yaoliang Deng, Haibo Xia, Alexa N Cohen, Xu Gao, Chuanliang Xu, Yinghao Sun, Rui Chen, Shancheng Ren, Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium, Ming Kwong Yiu, Ng Chi Fai, Wai Sam Cheng, Lap Hong Ian, Seiji Naito, Tadashi Matsuda, Elijah Kehinde, Ali Kural, Jason Yichun Chiu, Rainy Umbas, Qiang Wei, Xiaolei Shi, Liqun Zhou, Jian Huang, Yiran Huang, Liping Xie, Lulin Ma, Changjun Yin, Danfeng Xu, Kexin Xu, Zhangqun Ye, Chunxiao Liu, Dingwei Ye, Xin Gao, Qiang Fu, Jianquan Hou, Jianlin Yuan, Dalin He, Tiejun Pan, Qiang Ding, Fengshuo Jin, Benkang Shi, Gongxian Wang, Xiuheng Liu, Dongwen Wang, Zhoujun Shen, Xiangbo Kong, Wanhai Xu, Yaoliang Deng, Haibo Xia, Alexa N Cohen, Xu Gao, Chuanliang Xu, Yinghao Sun

Abstract

The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) within Asian population used to be much lower than in the Western population; however, in recent years the incidence and mortality rate of PCa in some Asian countries have grown rapidly. This collaborative report summarized the latest epidemiology information, risk factors, and racial differences in PCa diagnosis, current status and new trends in surgery management and novel agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer. We believe such information would be helpful in clinical decision making for urologists and oncologists, health-care ministries and medical researchers.

Keywords: Asian population; Epidemiology; Prostate cancer; Racial differences; Risk factors; Surgery management.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) in Asian countries and regions in 2012. (B) Incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) in different Asian regions in 2012. (C) Mortality/incidence ratios in Asian countries and regions in 2012 (Age specific rate, ASR). Data sources: GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11 [Internet].
Figure 2
Figure 2
PSA distributions of patients who underwent biopsies in selected Asian countries and regions. Data sources: Mainland, China: Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium (CPCC) statistics; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Singapore: Robotic Transperineal Biopsy of Prostate Database of Singapore General Hospital; Indonesia: Database of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. Macau, China: PMID 18304459; Korea: PMID 18158028; India: PMID 25109719.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Prostate cancer detection rate of patients with different PSA levels in Asian countries and regions. Data sources: Indonesia: Hospital data, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. (2011–2013); Singapore: Robotic Transperineal Biopsy of Prostate Database of Singapore General Hospital; Taiwan, China: PMID 9610567; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Japan: PMID 9861233; India: PMID 25109719; Korea: PMID 18158028; Macau, China: PMID 18304459; Turkey: Ferruh Zorlu et al., Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study, Accepted for publication in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 15 (August 19, 2014).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Gleason score of prostate cancer patients at diagnosis in Asian countries and regions. Data sources: Macau, China: PMID 18304459; Turkey: Ferruh Zorlu et al., Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study, Accepted for publication in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 15 (August 19, 2014); Kuwait: Database of Mubarak Al-Kabeer Teaching Hospital, Kuwait; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Singapore: Cancer Registry Singapore General Hospital; Taiwan, China: PMID 17482934; Indonesia: Hospital data, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (2011–2013).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Stages of diagnosed prostate cancer in (A) Asian countries and regions; (B) Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium hospitals in past 6 years. Data sources: Turkey: Ferruh Zorlu et al., Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study, Accepted for publication in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 15 (August 19, 2014); Japan: Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 Aug 6. pii: hyu104. (Epub ahead of print); Singapore: Cancer Registry Singapore General Hospital; Macau, China: 55.1% for localized PCa, 30.5% for non-localized PCa and 14.4% not available. PMID 18304459; CPCC: CPCC member hospitals statistics; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Taiwan, China: PMID 17482934; Indonesia: Hospital data, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. (2011–2013); Kuwait: Database of Mubarak Al-Kabeer Teaching Hospital, Kuwait.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Changes of prostatectomy type in Prostate Cancer Consortium hospitals from 2006 to 2013. Data sources: CPCC member hospitals data. RALP, robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy; LRP, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy; RRP, retropubic radical prostatectomy.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Number of completed and on-going clinical trials of five novel agents for CRPC worldwide. Data sources: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, searched on Aug 31, 2014.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Prostate-cancer-related research papers by countries. Data sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, searched on Aug 31, 2014.

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