Joint observation in NICU (JOIN): study protocol of a clinical randomised controlled trial examining an early intervention during preterm care

Juliane Schneider, Ayala Borghini, Mathilde Morisod Harari, Noemie Faure, Chloé Tenthorey, Aurélie Le Berre, Jean-François Tolsa, Antje Horsch, JOIN Research Consortium, Cindy Boche, Ayala Borghini, Josée Despars, Alice Manser Chenaux, Noémie Faure, Valérie Goyer, Antje Horsch, Aurélie Le Berre, Maryline Monnier, Mathilde Morisod Harari, Roxane Romon, Juliane Schneider, Catherine Sperandio, Chloé Tenthorey, Jean-François Tolsa, Aline Yersin, Juliane Schneider, Ayala Borghini, Mathilde Morisod Harari, Noemie Faure, Chloé Tenthorey, Aurélie Le Berre, Jean-François Tolsa, Antje Horsch, JOIN Research Consortium, Cindy Boche, Ayala Borghini, Josée Despars, Alice Manser Chenaux, Noémie Faure, Valérie Goyer, Antje Horsch, Aurélie Le Berre, Maryline Monnier, Mathilde Morisod Harari, Roxane Romon, Juliane Schneider, Catherine Sperandio, Chloé Tenthorey, Jean-François Tolsa, Aline Yersin

Abstract

Introduction: Preterm birth may generate significant distress among the parents, who often present with difficulties in appropriating their parental role. Parental stress and low perceived parental self-efficacy may interfere with the infant's socioemotional and cognitive development, particularly through disrupted parent-infant interactions. Perceived parental self-efficacy represents the belief of efficacy in caring for one's own infant and successful incarnation of the parental role, as well as the perception of one's own abilities to complete a specified task. Interventions to support parental role, as well as infant development, are needed, and parental self-efficacy represents a useful indicator to measure the effects of such early interventions.

Methods and analysis: This study protocol describes a randomised controlled trial that will test an early intervention in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (JOIN: Joint Observation In Neonatology) carried out by an interdisciplinary staff team. Mothers of preterm neonates born between 28 and 32 6/7 weeks of gestational age are eligible for the study. The intervention consists of a videotaped observation by a clinical child psychologist or child psychiatrist and a study nurse of a period of care delivered to the neonate by the mother and a NICU nurse. The care procedure is followed by an interactive video guidance intended to demonstrate the neonate's abilities and resources to his parents. The primary outcome will be the difference in the perceived maternal self-efficacy between the intervention and control groups assessed by self-report questionnaires. Secondary outcomes will be maternal mental health, the perception of the parent- infant relationship, maternal responsiveness and the neurodevelopment of the infant at 6 months corrected age.

Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Canton de Vaud (study number 496/12). Results from this study will be disseminated at national and international conferences, and in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number: NCT02736136, Pre-results.

Keywords: developmental care; early intervention; mother; parenting; preterm; self-efficacy.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart of the study. CA, corrected age.

References

    1. Horbar JD, Carpenter JH, Badger GJ, et al. . Mortality and neonatal morbidity among infants 501 to 1500 grams from 2000 to 2009. Pediatrics 2012;129:1019–26. 10.1542/peds.2011-3028
    1. Back SA. Brain Injury in the preterm infant: new horizons for pathogenesis and prevention. Pediatr Neurol 2015;53:185–92. 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.006
    1. Back SA, Miller SP. Brain injury in premature neonates: a primary cerebral dysmaturation disorder? Ann Neurol 2014;75:469–86. 10.1002/ana.24132
    1. Volpe JJ. Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:110–24. 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70294-1
    1. Lasky RE, Williams AL. Noise and light exposures for extremely low birth weight newborns during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2009;123:540–6. 10.1542/peds.2007-3418
    1. Sizun J, Pierrat V, Goubet N, et al. . [Research, developmental care and NIDCAP: specific methodological issues]. Arch Pediatr 2007;14:S54–7.
    1. Als H, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB. Effectiveness of individualized neurodevelopmental care in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU). Acta Paediatr 1996;85:21–30. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14273.x
    1. Westrup B, Stjernqvist K, Kleberg A, et al. . Neonatal individualized care in practice: a Swedish experience. Semin Neonatol 2002;7:447–57. 10.1053/siny.2002.0150
    1. Vandenberg KA. Individualized developmental care for high risk newborns in the NICU: a practice guideline. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:433–42. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.03.008
    1. Hane AA, Myers MM, Hofer MA, et al. . Family nurture intervention improves the quality of maternal caregiving in the neonatal intensive care unit: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2015;36:188–96. 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000148
    1. Symington A, Pinelli J. Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD001814 10.1002/14651858.CD001814.pub2
    1. Burke S. Systematic review of developmental care interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit since 2006. J Child Health Care 2018;22:269–86. 10.1177/1367493517753085
    1. Ohlsson A, Jacobs SE. NIDCAP: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Pediatrics 2013;131:e881–93. 10.1542/peds.2012-2121
    1. Montirosso R, Del Prete A, Bellù R, et al. . Level of NICU quality of developmental care and neurobehavioral performance in very preterm infants. Pediatrics 2012;129:e1129–37. 10.1542/peds.2011-0813
    1. Westrup B, Kleberg A, von Eichwald K, et al. . A randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program in a Swedish setting. Pediatrics 2000;105:66–72. 10.1542/peds.105.1.66
    1. Nordhov SM, Rønning JA, Dahl LB, et al. . Early intervention improves cognitive outcomes for preterm infants: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2010;126:e1088–94. 10.1542/peds.2010-0778
    1. Ortenstrand A, Westrup B, Broström EB, et al. . The stockholm neonatal family centered care study: effects on length of stay and infant morbidity. Pediatrics 2010;125:e278–85. 10.1542/peds.2009-1511
    1. Welch MG, Firestein MR, Austin J, et al. . Family nurture intervention in the neonatal intensive care unit improves social-relatedness, attention, and neurodevelopment of preterm infants at 18 months in a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015;56:1202–11. 10.1111/jcpp.12405
    1. Welch MG, Halperin MS, Austin J, et al. . Depression and anxiety symptoms of mothers of preterm infants are decreased at 4 months corrected age with Family Nurture Intervention in the NICU. Arch Womens Ment Health 2016;19:51–61. 10.1007/s00737-015-0502-7
    1. Hynan MT, Hall SL. Psychosocial program standards for NICU parents. J Perinatol 2015;35:S1–4. 10.1038/jp.2015.141
    1. Craig JW, Glick C, Phillips R, et al. . Recommendations for involving the family in developmental care of the NICU baby. J Perinatol 2015;35:S5–8. 10.1038/jp.2015.142
    1. Purdy IB, Craig JW, Zeanah P. NICU discharge planning and beyond: recommendations for parent psychosocial support. J Perinatol 2015;35:S24–8. 10.1038/jp.2015.146
    1. Jotzo M, Poets CF. Helping parents cope with the trauma of premature birth: an evaluation of a trauma-preventive psychological intervention. Pediatrics 2005;115:915–9. 10.1542/peds.2004-0370
    1. Holditch-Davis D, Bartlett TR, Blickman AL, et al. . Posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of premature infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2003;32:161–71. 10.1177/0884217503252035
    1. Roque ATF, Lasiuk GC, Radünz V, et al. . Scoping review of the mental health of parents of infants in the NICU. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017;46:576–87. 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.02.005
    1. Loo KK, Espinosa M, Tyler R, et al. . Using knowledge to cope with stress in the NICU: how parents integrate learning to read the physiologic and behavioral cues of the infant. Neonatal Netw 2003;22:31–7. 10.1891/0730-0832.22.1.31
    1. Lau R, Morse CA. Stress experiences of parents with premature infants in a special care nursery. Stress and Health 2003;19:69–78. 10.1002/smi.964
    1. Rautava P, Lehtonen L, Helenius H, et al. . Effect of newborn hospitalization on family and child behavior: a 12-year follow-up study. Pediatrics 2003;111:277–83. 10.1542/peds.111.2.277
    1. Feeley N, Zelkowitz P, Cormier C, et al. . Posttraumatic stress among mothers of very low birthweight infants at 6 months after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Appl Nurs Res 2011;24:114–7. 10.1016/j.apnr.2009.04.004
    1. Kersting A, Dorsch M, Wesselmann U, et al. . Maternal posttraumatic stress response after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. J Psychosom Res 2004;57:473–6. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.03.011
    1. Pierrehumbert B, Nicole A, Muller-Nix C, et al. . Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:400F–4. 10.1136/fn.88.5.F400
    1. Vanderbilt D, Bushley T, Young R, et al. . Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban mothers with newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit: a preliminary study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2009;30:50–6. 10.1097/DBP.0b013e318196b0de
    1. DeMier RL, Hynan MT, Harris HB, et al. . Perinatal stressors as predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress in mothers of infants at high risk. J Perinatol 1996;16:276–80.
    1. Horsch A, Tolsa JF, Gilbert L, et al. . Improving maternal mental health following preterm birth using an expressive writing intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016;47:780–91. 10.1007/s10578-015-0611-6
    1. Feeley N, Hayton B, Gold I, et al. . A comparative prospective cohort study of women following childbirth: mothers of low birthweight infants at risk for elevated PTSD symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2017;101:24–30. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.014
    1. Carter JD, Mulder RT, Bartram AF, et al. . Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: parental response. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90:F109–13. 10.1136/adc.2003.031641
    1. Aagaard H, Hall EO. Mothers' experiences of having a preterm infant in the neonatal care unit: a meta-synthesis. J Pediatr Nurs 2008;23:e26–36. 10.1016/j.pedn.2007.02.003
    1. Preyde M, Ardal F. Effectiveness of a parent "buddy" program for mothers of very preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. CMAJ 2003;168:969–73.
    1. Feldman R, Eidelman AI. Maternal postpartum behavior and the emergence of infant-mother and infant-father synchrony in preterm and full-term infants: the role of neonatal vagal tone. Dev Psychobiol 2007;49:290–302. 10.1002/dev.20220
    1. Forcada-Guex M, Pierrehumbert B, Borghini A, et al. . Early dyadic patterns of mother-infant interactions and outcomes of prematurity at 18 months. Pediatrics 2006;118:e107–14. 10.1542/peds.2005-1145
    1. Woodward LJ, Bora S, Clark CA, et al. . Very preterm birth: maternal experiences of the neonatal intensive care environment. J Perinatol 2014;34:555–61. 10.1038/jp.2014.43
    1. Ionio C, Lista G, Mascheroni E, et al. . Premature birth: complexities and difficulties in building the mother–child relationship. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2017;35:509–23. 10.1080/02646838.2017.1383977
    1. Forcada-Guex M, Borghini A, Pierrehumbert B, et al. . Prematurity, maternal posttraumatic stress and consequences on the mother–infant relationship. Early Hum Dev 2011;87:21–6. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.09.006
    1. Muller-Nix C, Forcada-Guex M. Perinatal assessment of infant, parents, and parent-infant relationship: prematurity as an example. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009;18:545–57. 10.1016/j.chc.2009.02.008
    1. Bilgin A, Wolke D. Maternal sensitivity in parenting preterm children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015;136:e177–93. 10.1542/peds.2014-3570
    1. Montigny F, Lacharite C. Perceived parental efficacy: concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 2005;49:387–96. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03302.x
    1. Hess CR, Teti DM, Hussey-Gardner B. Self-efficacy and parenting of high-risk infants: the moderating role of parent knowledge of infant development. J Appl Dev Psychol 2004;25:423–37. 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.06.002
    1. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H: Freeman, 1997.
    1. Coleman PK, Karraker KH. Self-efficacy and parenting quality: findings and future applications. Developmental Review 1998;18:47–85. 10.1006/drev.1997.0448
    1. Barnes CR, Adamson-Macedo EN. Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E) tool: development and validation with mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates. J Adv Nurs 2007;60:550–60. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04445.x
    1. Bandura A. Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspect Psychol Sci 2006;1:164–80. 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00011.x
    1. Teti DM, Gelfand DM. Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: the mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Dev 1991;62:918–29. 10.2307/1131143
    1. Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G. Maternal parental self-efficacy in the postpartum period. Midwifery 2011;27:802–10. 10.1016/j.midw.2010.07.008
    1. Kohlhoff J, Barnett B. Parenting self-efficacy: links with maternal depression, infant behaviour and adult attachment. Early Hum Dev 2013;89:249–56. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.008
    1. Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G, Corcoran P. First-time mothers: social support, maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. J Clin Nurs 2012;21:388–97. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x
    1. Benedetto L, Ingrassia M. Parental Self-efficacy in Promoting Children Care and Parenting Quality : Benedetto L, Ingrassia M, Parenting - empirical advances and intervention resources: INTECH, 2018.
    1. Pennell C, Whittingham K, Boyd R, et al. . Prematurity and parental self-efficacy: the preterm parenting & self-efficacy checklist. Infant Behav Dev 2012;35:678–88. 10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.009
    1. Wells-Parker E, Miller DI, Topping JS. Development of control-of-outcome scales and self-efficacy scales for women in four life roles. J Pers Assess 1990;54:564–75. 10.1080/00223891.1990.9674020
    1. Salonen AH, Kaunonen M, Astedt-Kurki P, et al. . Parenting self-efficacy after childbirth. J Adv Nurs 2009;65:2324–36. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05113.x
    1. Haslam DM, Pakenham KI, Smith A. Social support and postpartum depressive symptomatology: the mediating role of maternal self-efficacy. Infant Ment Health J 2006;27:276–91. 10.1002/imhj.20092
    1. Shea EM. Maternal self-esteem as affected by infant health infant behavior and family support. 1984.
    1. Cutrona CE, Troutman BR. Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: a mediational model of postpartum depression. Child Dev 1986;57:1507–18. 10.2307/1130428
    1. Porter CL, Hsu HC. First-time mothers' perceptions of efficacy during the transition to motherhood: links to infant temperament. J Fam Psychol 2003;17:54–64. 10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.54
    1. Campos JJ, Barrett KC, Lamb ME, et al. . Handbook of child psychology. 2: Socioemotional development, 1983:783–915.
    1. Goldberg S, DiVitto B. Handbook of parenting Volume 1 children and parenting. 328: Parenting children born preterm, 1995.
    1. Harrison MJ, Magill-Evans J. Mother and father interactions over the first year with term and preterm infants. Res Nurs Health 1996;19:451–9. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199612)19:6<451::AID-NUR1>;2-N
    1. Cambonie G, Muller JB, Ehlinger V, et al. . Mother-infant interaction assessment at discharge and at 6 months in a French cohort of infants born very preterm: The OLIMPE study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0188942 10.1371/journal.pone.0188942
    1. Seashore MJ, Leifer AD, Barnett CR, et al. . The effects of denial of early mother-infant interaction on maternal self-confidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 1973;26:369–78. 10.1037/h0034497
    1. Gennaro S. Postpartal anxiety and depression in mothers of term and preterm infants. Nurs Res 1988;37:82???85–5. 10.1097/00006199-198803000-00005
    1. de Haan AD, Prinzie P, Deković M. Mothers' and fathers' personality and parenting: the mediating role of sense of competence. Dev Psychol 2009;45:1695–707. 10.1037/a0016121
    1. Brecht C, Shaw RJ, Horwitz SM, et al. . Effectiveness of therapeutic behavioral interventions for parents of low birth weight premature infants: a review. Infant Ment Health J 2012;33:651–65. 10.1002/imhj.21349
    1. Meijssen DE, Wolf MJ, Koldewijn K, et al. . Parenting stress in mothers after very preterm birth and the effect of the infant behavioural assessment and intervention program. Child Care Health Dev 2011;37:195–202. 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01119.x
    1. Mendelson T, Cluxton-Keller F, Vullo GC, et al. . NICU-based interventions to reduce maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2017;139:e20161870 10.1542/peds.2016-1870
    1. Benzies KM, Magill-Evans JE, Hayden KA, et al. . Key components of early intervention programs for preterm infants and their parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013;13:S10 10.1186/1471-2393-13-S1-S10
    1. Ohgi S, Fukuda M, Akiyama T, et al. . Effect of an early intervention programme on low birthweight infants with cerebral injuries. J Paediatr Child Health 2004;40:689–95. 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00512.x
    1. Teti DM, Black MM, Viscardi R, et al. . Intervention With African American Premature Infants: Four-Month Results of an Early Intervention Program. J Early Interv 2009;31:146–66. 10.1177/1053815109331864
    1. Borghini A, Forcada-Guex M. L’observation du bébé prématuré: un travail conjoint parents-spécialistes. Psychoscope 2004;5:20–2.
    1. Brazelton TB, Nugent JK. Neonatal behavioral assessment scale: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
    1. Als H. A synactive model of neonatal behavioral organization: framework for the assessment of neurobehavioral development in the premature infant and for support of infants and parents in the neonatal intensive care environment. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 1986;6:3–53. 10.1080/J006v06n03_02
    1. Bullinger A, Goubet N. Le bébé prématuré, acteur de son développement.. Enfance 1999;52:27–32. 10.3406/enfan.1999.3127
    1. McDonough S. Interaction guidance. Treating parent–infant relationship problems: Strategies for intervention, 2004:79–96.
    1. Rusconi-Serpa S, Sancho Rossignol A, McDonough SC. Video feedback in parent-infant treatments. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009;18:735–51. 10.1016/j.chc.2009.02.009
    1. Kennedy H, Ball K, Barlow J. How does video interaction guidance contribute to infant and parental mental health and well-being? Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017;22:500–17. 10.1177/1359104517704026
    1. Hoffenkamp HN, Tooten A, Hall RA, et al. . Effectiveness of hospital-based video interaction guidance on parental interactive behavior, bonding, and stress after preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2015;83:416–29. 10.1037/a0038401
    1. Tooten A, Hoffenkamp HN, Hall RA, et al. . The effectiveness of video interaction guidance in parents of premature infants: a multicenter randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2012;12:76 10.1186/1471-2431-12-76
    1. Borghini A, Habersaat S, Forcada-Guex M, et al. . Effects of an early intervention on maternal post-traumatic stress symptoms and the quality of mother-infant interaction: the case of preterm birth. Infant Behav Dev 2014;37:624–31. 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.08.003
    1. Martinet M, Borradori Tolsa C, Rossi Jelidi M, et al. . Development and assessment of a sensory-motor scale for the neonate: a clinical tool at the bedside. Arch Pediatr 2013;20:137–45. 10.1016/j.arcped.2012.11.008
    1. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, et al. . Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: report of the ISPOR Task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value Health 2005;8:94–104. 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x
    1. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, et al. . The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychol Assess 1997;9:445–51. 10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445
    1. Hearn M, Ceschi G, Brillon P, et al. . A French adaptation of the posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Can J Behav Sci 2012;44:16–28. 10.1037/a0025591
    1. Miles MS, Funk SG, Carlson J. Parental stressor scale: neonatal intensive care unit. Nurs Res 1993;42:148–52.
    1. Abidin RR, Index PS. Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1995.
    1. Singer LT, Salvator A, Guo S, et al. . Maternal psychological distress and parenting stress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. JAMA 1999;281:799–805. 10.1001/jama.281.9.799
    1. Abidin RR. Parenting stress index: professional manual. 3rd ed Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, 2012.
    1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
    1. Bocéréan C, Dupret E. A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a large sample of French employees. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:354 10.1186/s12888-014-0354-0
    1. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782–6.
    1. Guedeney N, Fermanian J. Validation study of the French version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): new results about use and psychometric properties. Eur Psychiatry 1998;13:83–9. 10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80023-0
    1. Taylor A, Atkins R, Kumar R, et al. . A new Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale: links with early maternal mood. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005;8:45–51. 10.1007/s00737-005-0074-z
    1. van Bussel JC, Spitz B, Demyttenaere K. Three self-report questionnaires of the early mother-to-infant bond: reliability and validity of the dutch version of the MPAS, PBQ and MIBS. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010;13:373–84. 10.1007/s00737-009-0140-z
    1. Horsch A, Jacobs I, Gilbert L, et al. . Impact of perinatal asphyxia on parental mental health and bonding with the infant: a questionnaire survey of Swiss parents. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017;1:e000059 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000059
    1. Putnam SP, Helbig AL, Gartstein MA, et al. . Development and assessment of short and very short forms of the infant behavior questionnaire-revised. J Pers Assess 2014;96:445–58. 10.1080/00223891.2013.841171
    1. Moser A, Stuck AE, Silliman RA, et al. . The eight-item modified medical outcomes study social support survey: psychometric evaluation showed excellent performance. J Clin Epidemiol 2012;65:1107–16. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.04.007
    1. Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med 1991;32:705–14. 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
    1. Largo RH, Pfister D, Molinari L, et al. . Significance of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors in the development of AGA preterm infants at five to seven years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;31:440–56. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1989.tb04022.x
    1. Parry G, Tucker J, Tarnow-Mordi W, et al. . CRIB II: an update of the clinical risk index for babies score. Lancet 2003;361:1789–91. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13397-1
    1. Biringen Z, Robinson JL, Emde RN. Appendix A: the emotional availability scales (2nd ed.; an abridged infancy/Early Childhood version). Attach Hum Dev 2000;2:251–5. 10.1080/14616730050085617
    1. Biringen Z, Robinson J. Emotional availability in mother-child interactions: a reconceptualization for research. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1991;61:258–71. 10.1037/h0079238
    1. Crittenden PM. The care index. infants and toddlers. Family Relations Institute: Miami, FL, 2001.
    1. Bayley N. Bayley scales of infant and toddler development: bayley-III: harcourt assessment, psych. Corporation San Antonio, TX, 2006.
    1. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et al. . G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175–91. 10.3758/BF03193146
    1. Rothman KJ. No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology 1990;1:43–6. 10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi