Effects of small-sided recreational team handball training on mechanical muscle function, body composition and bone mineralization in untrained young adults-A randomized controlled trial

Bjørn Fristrup, Peter Krustrup, Jesper L Andersen, Therese Hornstrup, Frederik T Løwenstein, Mikkel A Larsen, Jørn W Helge, Susana C A Póvoas, Per Aagaard, Bjørn Fristrup, Peter Krustrup, Jesper L Andersen, Therese Hornstrup, Frederik T Løwenstein, Mikkel A Larsen, Jørn W Helge, Susana C A Póvoas, Per Aagaard

Abstract

Prolonged physical inactivity in young adults may lead to deficiencies in musculoskeletal fitness, and thus a need exists to develop physical activity and exercise programmes that are effective of increasing musculoskeletal fitness. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of small-sided team handball training on lower limb muscle strength, postural balance and body composition in young adults. Twenty-six men and twenty-eight women were stratified for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and body fat percentage and randomly allocated to either 12 wks of small-sided recreational team handball training (THG: 14 men and 14 women, age 24.1±2.6 yrs (mean±SD), VO2peak 39.8±5.9 ml/kg/min and body fat percentage 32.7±8.7%) or serving as non-exercising controls (CON: 12 men and 14 women, age 24.8±3.1 yrs, VO2peak 39.7±5.0 ml/kg/min, body fat percentage 31.7±9.7%). THG trained on average 1.8 times/week for 12 wks. At 0 and 12 wks, lower limb muscle strength, rate of force development (RFD), vertical jump height and power, postural balance, body composition and muscle biopsies were assessed. No training effects were observed for maximal isokinetic or isometric knee extensor strength, maximal vertical jump height or take-off power, fibre type distribution or capillarization. Late phase (RFD) increased (+7.4%, p<0.05) and postural sway excursion length was improved after training (-9%, p<0.05) in THG with no difference from CON (p>0.05). Further, THG demonstrated a decrease in body fat percentage (-3.7%) accompanied by increases in whole-body fat free mass (FFM) (+2.2%), leg FFM (+2.5%), total bone mineral content (BMC) (+1.1%), leg BMC (+1.2%), total hip bone mineral density (+1.6%) and hip T-score (+50%) which differed from CON (all p<0.05). In conclusion, recreational small-sided team handball training appears to effectively improve rapid force capacity, postural balance, lean and fat body mass and bone health in previously untrained young adults. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04247724). ClinicalTrials.gov ID number: NCT04247724.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Participant recruitment.
Fig 1. Participant recruitment.
Flow diagram depicting the inclusion/exclusion of study participants in the initial phase of enrolment and during the subsequent phases of intervention allocation, post testing, and data analysis.
Fig 2. Late phase (0–200 ms) rate…
Fig 2. Late phase (0–200 ms) rate of force development (RFD).
Late phase (0–200 ms) rate of force development (RFD) assessed during maximal isometric knee extensor strength (MVIC) testing at baseline (black columns) and following (grey columns) 12 wks small-sided team handball training (THG) or no training (CON). Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). *Within-group different from baseline (p

Fig 3. Postural balance.

Postural balance assessed…

Fig 3. Postural balance.

Postural balance assessed as center of pressure (CoP) sway length during…

Fig 3. Postural balance.
Postural balance assessed as center of pressure (CoP) sway length during 30-sek unilateral static balance test at baseline (black columns) and following (grey columns) 12 wks small-sided team handball training (THG) or no training (CON). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) are presented. *Within-group difference compared to baseline (p
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References
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PK 02-2011-4360 Nordea-fonden https://nordeafonden.dk/about-nordea-fonden The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Trygfonden https://www.trygfonden.dk/english The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Danish Handball Federation https://www.dhf.dk/ The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. European Handball Federation http://www.eurohandball.com/ The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Fig 3. Postural balance.
Fig 3. Postural balance.
Postural balance assessed as center of pressure (CoP) sway length during 30-sek unilateral static balance test at baseline (black columns) and following (grey columns) 12 wks small-sided team handball training (THG) or no training (CON). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) are presented. *Within-group difference compared to baseline (p

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