Recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease from the respective working groups of the European Society of Cardiology

Abstract

This paper aims to provide information and explanations regarding the clinically relevant options, strengths, and limitations of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in relation to adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance can provide assessments of anatomical connections, biventricular function, myocardial viability, measurements of flow, angiography, and more, without ionizing radiation. It should be regarded as a necessary facility in a centre specializing in the care of adults with CHD. Also, those using CMR to investigate acquired heart disease should be able to recognize and evaluate previously unsuspected CHD such as septal defects, anomalously connected pulmonary veins, or double-chambered right ventricle. To realize its full potential and to avoid pitfalls, however, CMR of CHD requires training and experience. Appropriate pathophysiological understanding is needed to evaluate cardiovascular function after surgery for tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and after Fontan operations. For these and other complex CHD, CMR should be undertaken by specialists committed to long-term collaboration with the clinicians and surgeons managing the patients. We provide a table of CMR acquisition protocols in relation to CHD categories as a guide towards appropriate use of this uniquely versatile imaging modality.

Figures

Figure 1

Right ventricular volume measurement in CHD: several regions are challenging and need consistent approaches for comparison between studies. The images are from a patient after repair of tetralogy of Fallot with infundibular resection. (A) The short-axis stack (typically 6 mm slice thickness with 4 mm gaps) is shown relative to four-chamber cine. The most basal short-axis cine should be located just within the basal myocardium of the RV and LV at end diastole. However, the tricuspid annular plane (dotted line) may lie oblique to this slice, and usually moves through the first and often the second slice during systole. Care is needed to delineate areas of the ventricular but not the atrial cavities in the more basal slices. (B) A thin, akinetic region of the RVOT (arrowed in the sagittal RVOT view) should be regarded as part of the RV up to the (expected) level of the pulmonary valve. (C) In a mid-basal short-axis slice, the arrows indicate an akinetic region. A relatively smooth contour is drawn immediately inside the compact myocardium of the free wall, outside the trabeculations. (D) However, at end systole, hypertrophied trabeculations of the muscular part of the free wall may appear to merge (asterisk). The boundary line can still be located just inside the compact layer after viewing in cine mode. Alternatively, the dotted line drawn within the trabecular layer would give a slightly smaller end-systolic blood volume. (E) Trabeculations are numerous towards the apex of the RV and partial volume averaging blurs boundaries, so delineation outside the blood and trabeculations is probably the most reproducible approach. (F) Alternatively, tracing around the visible trabeculations at all levels may be more accurate, although not necessarily more reproducible between investigators and studies. The methods chosen need to be consistent for longitudinal comparison.

Figure 2

Pulmonary regurgitation measured by through-plane velocity mapping in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. (A) Cine imaging aligned with the RVOT showed no effective pulmonary valve, with unobstructed and expansile pulmonary arteries. (B) Mapping of velocities through a plane transecting the MPA showed (C) systolic forward flow, diastolic reversed flow, and late diastolic forward flow with atrial systole.