Development and Pilot Testing of Standardized Food Images for Studying Eating Behaviors in Children

Samantha M R Kling, Alaina L Pearce, Marissa L Reynolds, Hugh Garavan, Charles F Geier, Barbara J Rolls, Emma J Rose, Stephen J Wilson, Kathleen L Keller, Samantha M R Kling, Alaina L Pearce, Marissa L Reynolds, Hugh Garavan, Charles F Geier, Barbara J Rolls, Emma J Rose, Stephen J Wilson, Kathleen L Keller

Abstract

Food images are routinely used to investigate the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of eating behaviors, but there is a lack of standardized image sets for use in children, which limits cross-study comparisons. To address this gap, we developed a set of age-appropriate images that included 30 high-energy-dense (ED) foods (>2.00 kcal/g), 30 low-ED foods (<1.75 kcal/g), and 30 office supplies photographed in two amounts (i.e., "larger" and "smaller"). Preliminary testing was conducted with children (6-10 years) to assess recognition, emotional valence (1 = very sad, 5 = very happy), and excitability (1 = very bored, 5 = very excited). After the initial testing, 10 images with low recognition were replaced; thus, differences between Image Set 1 and Image Set 2 were analyzed. Thirty (n = 30, mean age 8.3 ± 1.2 years) children rated Set 1, and a different cohort of 29 children (mean age 8.1 ± 1.1 years) rated Set 2. Changes made between image sets improved recognition of low-ED foods (Set 1 = 88.3 ± 10.5% vs. Set 2 = 95.6 ± 10.6%; p < 0.0001) and office supplies (83.7 ± 10.5 vs. 93.0 ± 10.6%; p < 0.0001). For the revised image set, children recognized more high-ED foods (98.4 ± 10.6%) than low-ED foods (95.6 ± 10.6%; p < 0.05) and office supplies (93.0 ± 10.6%; p < 0.0001). Recognition also improved with age (p < 0.001). Excitability and emotional valence scores were greater for high-ED foods compared with both low-ED foods and office supplies (p < 0.0001 for both). However, child fullness ratings influenced the relationship between excitability/emotional valence and category of item (p < 0.002). At the lowest fullness level, high-ED foods were rated the highest in both excitability and emotional valence, followed by low-ED foods and then office supplies. At the highest fullness level, high-ED foods remained the highest in excitability and emotional valence, but ratings for low-ED foods and office supplies were not different. This suggests that low-ED foods were more exciting and emotionally salient (relative to office supplies) when children were hungry. Ratings of recognition, excitability, and emotional valence did not differ by image amount. This new, freely available, image set showed high recognition and expected differences between image category for emotional valence and excitability. When investigating children's responsiveness to food cues, specifically energy density, it is essential for investigators to account for potential influences of child age and satiety level.

Keywords: children; eating behaviors; energy density; food cues; food pictures; portion size; standardized food images.

Copyright © 2020 Kling, Pearce, Reynolds, Garavan, Geier, Rolls, Rose, Wilson and Keller.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Diagram depicting placement of food or office supplies on a plate in relation to camera, tripod. lights. and light box used in photography protocol. (A) Shows the bird’s-eye view of the equipment and objected of interest photographed by the professional photographer. (B) Shows the eye level view of the equipment and object of interest photographed by the professional photographer.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Example images of smaller and larger amounts of high-energy-dense foods. low-energy-dense foods and office supplies from a standardized image set developed investigate the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of eating behaviors in 6- to 10-year-old children.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Accuracy of recognition of images. depicting high-ED. low-ED. and office supplies. increased with child age [P = 0.001; F(155) = 11.52. Cohen’s d = 0.44] and recognition increased by 2.7% (SE = 0.78) for each year increase in age in a sample of children ranging froni 6.08 to 10.75 years of age. Modeled slope and standard errors along with individual data points are values extracted from the model.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Children’s recognition of 30 high-ED food images. 30 low-ED food images. and 30 office supply images between Image Set 1 and Image Set 2 of the images. Improvements in image recognition were attributable to improvements made in recognition of low-ED foods and office supplies not high-ED foods [version × image category interaction term: P < 0.000 1: F(2gg) = 12.53].
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
The effect of an interaction between category of image (e.g., high-ED, low-ED, and office images) and fullness score on ratings of image excitability and emotional valence-A. The slopes between excitability and fullness differed by the category of item pictured [p = 0.002; F(290) = 634]. The slope for office supplies was greater than the slope for high-ED and low-ED foods; however, the slope for low-ED foods did not differ from the slope for high-ED food& Ratings of excitability of low-ED foods and office supplies were significantly different at lower levels of fullness, but were not significantly different at higher levels of fullness- B. The slopes between emotional valence and fullness differed by the category of item pictured [p = 0M004; F(2294) = 7.92]. The slope for office supplies was greater than the slope for high-ED foods and office supplies, however, the slope for low-ED foods did not differ from the slope for high-ED foods. Ratings of emotional valence of low-ED foods and office supplies were significantly different at lower levels of fullness, but were not significantly different at higher levels of fullness.

References

    1. Birch L. L. (1979). Preschool children’s food preferences and consumption patterns. J. Nutr. Educ. 11 189–192. 10.1016/S0022-3182(79)80025-4
    1. Birch L. L. (1992). Children’s preferences for high-fat foods. Nutr. Rev. 50 249–255. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1992.tb01341.x
    1. Blechert J., Feige B., Hajcak G., Tuschen-Caffier B. (2010). To eat or not to eat? Availability of food modulates the electrocortical response to food pictures in restrained eaters. Appetite 54 262–268. 10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.007
    1. Blechert J., Feige B., Joos A., Zeeck A., Tuschen-Caffier B. (2011). Electrocortical processing of food and emotional pictures in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Psychosom. Med. 73 415–421. 10.1097/PSY.Ob013e318211b871
    1. Blechert J., Lender A., Polk S., Busch N. A., Ohla K. (2019). Food-Pics_extended-an image database for experimental research on eating and appetite: additional images, normative ratings and an updated review. Front. Psychol. 10:307. 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00307
    1. Blechert J., Meule A., Busch N. A., Ohla K. (2014). Food-pics: an image database for experimental research on eating and appetite. Front. Psychol. 5:617. 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00617
    1. Boswell R. G., Kober H. (2016). Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review. Obes. Rev. 17 159–177. 10.1111/obr.12354
    1. Brunstrom J. M., Rogers P. J. (2009). How many calories are on our plate? expected fullness, not liking, determines meal-size selection. Obesity 17 1884–1890. 10.1038/oby.2009.201
    1. Burger K. S., Stice E. (2011). Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures. Neuroimage 55 233–239. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.009
    1. Charbonnier L., van Meer F., van der Laan L. N., Viergever M. A., Smeets P. A. M. (2016). Standardized food images: a photographing protocol and image database. Appetite 96 166–173. 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.041
    1. Colapinto C. K., Fitzgerald A., Taper L. J., Veugelers P. J. (2007). Children’s preference for large portions: prevalence, determinants, and consequences. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 107 1183–1190. 10.1016/j.jada.2007.04.012
    1. Cole T. J., Bellizzi M. C., Flegal K. M., Dietz W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 320:1240. 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240
    1. Cooke L. J., Wardle J. (2007). Age and gender differences in children’s food preferences. Br. J. Nutr. 93 741–746. 10.1079/BJN20051389
    1. Deckersbach T., Das S. K., Urban L. E., Salinardi T., Batra P., Rodman A. M., et al. (2014). Pilot randomized trial demonstrating reversal of obesity-related abnormalities in reward system responsivity to food cues with a behavioral intervention. Nutr. Diab. 4:e129. 10.1038/nutd.2014.26
    1. Fedoroff I. D. C., Polivy J., Herman C. P. (1997). The effect of pre-exposure to food cues on the eating behavior of restrained and unrestrained eaters. Appetite 28 33–47. 10.1006/appe.1996.0057
    1. Fernandez C., Kasper N. M., Miller A. L., Lumeng J. C., Peterson K. E. (2016). Association of dietary variety and diversity with body mass index in us preschool children. Pediatrics 137:e20152307. 10.1542/peds.2015-2307
    1. Fisher J. O., Liu Y., Birch L. L., Rolls B. J. (2007). Effects of portion size and energy density on young children’s intake at a meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86 174–179. 10.1093/ajcn/86.1.174
    1. Fisher J. O., Rolls B. J., Birch L. L. (2003). Children’s bite size and intake of an entrée are greater with large portions than with age-appropriate or self-selected portions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 1164–1170. 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1164
    1. Foroni F., Pergola G., Argiris G., Rumiati R. (2013). The foodcast research image database (FRIDa). Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:51. 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00051
    1. Fox M. K., Reidy K., Karwe V., Ziegler P. (2006). average portions of foods commonly eaten by infants and toddlers in the United States. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 106(1, Suppl.), 66–76. 10.1016/j.jada.2005.09.042
    1. Jensen C. D., Duraccio K. M., Barnett K. A., Stevens K. S. (2016). Appropriateness of the food-pics image database for experimental eating and appetite research with adolescents. Eat. Behav. 23 195–199. 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.10.007
    1. Keller K. L., Assur S. A., Torres M., Lofink H. E., Thornton J. C., Faith M. S., et al. (2006). Potential of an analog scaling device for measuring fullness in children: development and preliminary testing. Appetite 47 233–243. 10.1016/j.appet.2006.04.004
    1. Kemps E., Herman C. P., Hollitt S., Polivy J., Prichard I., Tiggemann M. (2016). Contextual cue exposure effects on food intake in restrained eaters. Physiol. Behav. 167 71–75. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.004
    1. King J. L., Fearnbach S. N., Ramakrishnapillai S., Shankpal P., Geiselman P. J., Martin C. K., et al. (2018). Perceptual characterization of the macronutrient picture system (MaPS) for food image fMRI. Front. Psychol. 9:17. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00017
    1. Kling S. M. R., Roe L. S., Keller K. L., Rolls B. J. (2016). Double trouble: portion size and energy density combine to increase preschool children’s lunch intake. Physiol. Behav. 162 18–26. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.019
    1. Kral T. V. E., Rolls B. J. (2004). Energy density and portion size: their independent and combined effects on energy intake. Physiol. Behav. 82 131–138. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.063
    1. Kroemer N. B., Krebs L., Kobiella A., Grimm O., Vollstädt-Klein S., Wolfensteller U., et al. (2013). Still longing for food: insulin reactivity modulates response to food pictures. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34 2367–2380. 10.1002/hbm.22071
    1. LaBar K. S., Gitelman D. R., Parrish T. B., Kim Y.-H., Nobre A. C., Mesulam M. M. (2001). Hunger selectively modulates corticolimbic activation to food stimuli in humans. Behav. Neurosci. 115 493–500. 10.1037/0735-7044.115.2.493
    1. Lang P. J., Bradley M. M., Cuthbert B. N. (2008). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings Of Pictures And Instruction Manual. Gainsville, FL: University of Florida.
    1. Lawrence N. S., Hinton E. C., Parkinson J. A., Lawrence A. D. (2012). Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. Neuroimage 63 415–422. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.070
    1. Martin L. E., Holsen L. M., Chambers R. J., Bruce A. S., Brooks W. M., Zarcone J. R., et al. (2010). Neural mechanisms associated with food motivation in obese and healthy weight adults. Obesity 18 254–260. 10.1038/oby.2009.220
    1. Mathias K. C., Rolls B. J., Birch L. L., Kral T. V. E., Hanna E. L., Davey A., et al. (2012). Serving larger portions of fruits and vegetables together at dinner promotes intake of both foods among young children. J. Acad. Nutr. Dietet. 112 266–270. 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.040
    1. Miccoli L., Delgado R., Rodríguez-Ruiz S., Guerra P., García-Mármol E., Fernández-Santaella M. C. (2014). Meet OLAF, a good friend of the IAPS! The open library of affective foods: a tool to investigate the emotional impact of food in adolescents. PLoS One 9:114515. 10.1371/journal.pone.0114515
    1. Nederkoorn C., Jansen A. (2002). Cue reactivity and regulation of food intake. Eat. Behav. 3 61–72. 10.1016/S1471-0153(01)00045-9
    1. Rolls B. J., Roe L. S., Kral T. V. E., Meengs J. S., Wall D. E. (2004). Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women. Appetite 42 63–69. 10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00117-X
    1. Rolls B. J., Roe L. S., Meengs J. S. (2007). The effect of large portion sizes on energy intake is sustained for 11 days. Obesity 15 1535–1543. 10.1038/oby.2007.182
    1. Seibt B., Hafner M., Deutsch R. (2006). Prepared to eat: how immediate affective and motivational responses to food cues are influenced by food deprivation. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 37 359–379. 10.1002/ejsp.365
    1. Smeets P. A. M., Charbonnier L., van Meer F., van der Laan L. N., Spetter M. S. (2012). Food-induced brain responses and eating behaviour. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71 511–520. 10.1017/S0029665112000808
    1. Smethers A. D., Roe L. S., Sanchez C. E., Zuraikat F. M., Keller K. L., Kling S. M. R., et al. (2019). Portion size has sustained effects over 5 days in preschool children: a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 109 1361–1372. 10.1093/ajcn/nqy383
    1. Smiciklas-Wright H., Mitchell D. C., Mickle S. J., Goldman J. D., Cook A. (2003). Foods commonly eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996: are portion sizes changing? J. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 103 41–47. 10.1053/jada.2003.50000
    1. Stoeckel L. E., Weller R. E., Cook E. W., Twieg D. B., Knowlton R. C., Cox J. E. (2008). Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods. Neuroimage 41 636–647. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.031
    1. van der Laan L. N., de Ridder D. T. D., Viergever M. A., Smeets P. A. M. (2011). The first taste is always with the eyes: a meta-analysis on the neural correlates of processing visual food cues. Neuroimage 55 296–303. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.055

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi