Prognosis of walking function in multiple sclerosis supported by gait pattern analysis

Abstract

Background: Walking impairment is a common and highly disabling symptom in people with MS (PwMS). Ambulatory deterioration is poorly characterized in PwMS and reliable prognosis that may guide clinical decisions is elusive. This study aimed to objectively track the progression of clinical walking performance and kinematic gait patterns in PwMS over 4 years, thereby revealing potential prognostic markers for deterioration of ambulatory function.

Methods: Twenty-two PwMS (48.8 ± 9.9 years, 14 females; expanded disability status scale [EDSS]: 4.5 ± 0.9 points) with gait impairments were recruited at the University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Gait function was monitored over a period of 4 years using a set of standardized clinical walking tests (timed 25-foot walk [T25FW], 6 min walk test [6MWT], 12-item MS walking scale [MSWS-12]) and comprehensive 3D kinematic gait analysis. Walking decline was assessed in the full patient cohort and in patient sub-groups that were built according to MS type (relapsing-remitting [RRMS], progressive [PMS]) and subjects' pathological gait signature (cluster groups 1-3).

Results: In the total cohort (n = 22), we found a significant worsening in the 6MWT (BL vs. 4y: -41.1 m; P = 0.0053), while the performance in the T25FW, MSWS-12 and the EDSS remained unchanged over 4 years. Subjects with PMS (n = 12) showed a significant worsening in the EDSS (BL vs. 4y: +0.6 points; P = 0.0053), which was not observed in participants with RRMS (n = 10). Whereas deterioration of clinical walking function was not different between subjects with RRMS and PMS, we identified differences in clinical walking deterioration between PwMS with varying gait pattern pathologies: Subjects with spastic-paretic gait impairments (cluster 1; n = 9) demonstrated a marked worsening in the T25FW (BL vs. 4y: +2 s; P = 0.0020) and 6MWT (BL vs. 4y: -92.9 m; P < 0.0001) which was not seen in PwMS with an ataxia-like (cluster 2; n = 8) or unstable walking pattern (cluster 3; n = 5). Deterioration of clinical walking performance in cluster 1 was accompanied by a specific worsening of gait deficits that were characteristic of this cluster at baseline, a phenomenon not found in the other sub-groups. Accordingly, aggravation of cluster 1-specific gait impairments over 4 years predicted deterioration of the 6MWT in the total cohort (n = 22) with an accuracy of 90.9% (sensitivity: 90.9%; specificity: 90.9%; Nagelkerkes coefficient of determination R2: 0.721), unveiling key determinants of MS-related walking decline.

Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential of quantitative, functional outcomes for objective tracking of disease progression in PwMS. Gait pattern analysis can provide valuable information on the underlying pathomechanisms of gait deterioration and may represent a complementary prognostic tool for walking function in PwMS.

Clinical trial: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01576354.

Keywords: Deterioration; Gait; Multiple sclerosis; Natural decline; Prognostic marker; Walking function.

Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.