Role of Antioxidants and Natural Products in Inflammation

Palanisamy Arulselvan, Masoumeh Tangestani Fard, Woan Sean Tan, Sivapragasam Gothai, Sharida Fakurazi, Mohd Esa Norhaizan, S Suresh Kumar, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Masoumeh Tangestani Fard, Woan Sean Tan, Sivapragasam Gothai, Sharida Fakurazi, Mohd Esa Norhaizan, S Suresh Kumar

Abstract

Inflammation is a comprehensive array of physiological response to a foreign organism, including human pathogens, dust particles, and viruses. Inflammations are mainly divided into acute and chronic inflammation depending on various inflammatory processes and cellular mechanisms. Recent investigations have clarified that inflammation is a major factor for the progression of various chronic diseases/disorders, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, eye disorders, arthritis, obesity, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. Free radical productions from different biological and environmental sources are due to an imbalance of natural antioxidants which further leads to various inflammatory associated diseases. In this review article, we have outlined the inflammatory process and its cellular mechanisms involved in the progression of various chronic modern human diseases. In addition, we have discussed the role of free radicals-induced tissue damage, antioxidant defence, and molecular mechanisms in chronic inflammatory diseases/disorders. The systematic knowledge regarding the role of inflammation and its associated adverse effects can provide a clear understanding in the development of innovative therapeutic targets from natural sources that are intended for suppression of various chronic inflammations associated diseases.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Classification of inflammation categorized by duration and immune functions.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Acute inflammatory pathways and their activation process.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Steps involved in the chronic inflammatory processes and their consequences.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chronic inflammation associated diseases/disorders due to longer term course of inflammation and various immune reactions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Oxidative stress and inflammation: imbalance of antioxidants and free radicals.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Structures of compounds 1 and 2 isolated from A. fragrans (3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of dihydromyricetin.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Chemical structure of acacetin (1), hispidulin (2), and diosmetin (3).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Chemical structure of fulgidic acid and pinellic acid isolated from rhizomes of C. rotundus.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Chemical structures of delphinidin 3-sambubioside (Dp3-Sam) and delphinidin (Dp).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Chemical structure of SE, IBSE, and IVSE.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Chemical structure of JEUD-38.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Degradation of matricine (1) to chamazulene (2) via chamazulene carboxylic acid.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Structure of saxifragin.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Cellular signaling inflammatory pathways and how the natural products targets inhibit the pathways.

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Source: PubMed

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