A qualitative focus group study of perceived barriers and benefits to exercise by self-described exercise status among older adults living with HIV

Nikolas A Johs, Yvonne Kellar-Guenther, Catherine M Jankowski, Hadlai Neff, Kristine M Erlandson, Nikolas A Johs, Yvonne Kellar-Guenther, Catherine M Jankowski, Hadlai Neff, Kristine M Erlandson

Abstract

Objectives: Although exercise interventions have been shown to improve health outcomes among older people with HIV (PLWH), this population remains highly sedentary. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in perceived barriers and benefits of exercise among older PLWH by self-identified exercise status.

Design: Five focus groups were formed among PLWH: two groups of exercising men, two groups of non-exercising men and one group of women (mixed exercisers and non-exercisers). Themes were analysed in relation to the social-ecological model, utilising the constant comparative approach.

Setting: Patients were recruited from an academic medical centre, HIV clinic and community locations.

Participants: PLWH aged 50 or older, diagnosed with HIV for at least 2 years, with no other health conditions that would preclude exercise.

Primary and secondary outcome measures: Determine facilitators, barriers and the ideal environment for exercise or physical activity and determine whether these differ between older PLWH who self-identify as exercisers or non-exercisers.

Results: Among 25 men (11 exercisers and 14 non-exercisers) and four women (three non-exercisers and one exerciser), non-exercisers mentioned fewer benefits of exercise (n=46) than exercisers (n=75). Exercisers emphasised positive reinforcement, positive mood change and increased energy as benefits of exercise; interpersonal benefits of exercise were also discussed twice as often by exercisers than by non-exercisers. Non-exercisers emphasised barriers to exercise including lack of motivation, lack of self-efficacy and a negative perception of gym culture. Non-exercisers identified the need for age-appropriate activities as a feature of an ideal exercise environment. Both groups identified time, cost and health-related challenges as barriers to exercise.

Conclusions: Unique exercise barriers and benefits by self-identified exercise status provide important insights into the design of future interventions to initiate and maintain exercise.

Trial registration number: NCT02404792; Results.

Keywords: HIV; aging; exercise; physical activity; qualitative.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: KME has received funding for research paid to the University of Colorado from Gilead Sciences, and has received funding for advisory panel from Viiv Healthcare.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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