Time to treatment and patient outcomes among TB suspects screened by a single point-of-care xpert MTB/RIF at a primary care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract

Introduction: In December 2010, the World Health Organization recommended a single Xpert MTB/RIF assay as the initial diagnostic in people suspected of HIV-associated or drug resistant tuberculosis. Few data are available on the impact of this recommendation on patient outcomes. We describe the diagnostic follow-up, clinical characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of tuberculosis suspects screened using a single point-of-care Xpert.

Methods: Consecutive tuberculosis suspects at a primary care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa were assessed for tuberculosis using point-of-care Xpert. Sputum smear microscopy and liquid culture were performed as reference standards. Xpert-negatives were evaluated clinically, and further assessed at the discretion of clinicians. Participants were followed for six months.

Results: From July-September 2011, 641 tuberculosis suspects were enrolled, of whom 69% were HIV-infected. Eight percent were positive by a single Xpert. Among 116 individuals diagnosed with TB, 66 (57%) were Xpert negative, of which 44 (67%) were empirical or radiological diagnoses and 22 (33%) were Xpert negative/culture-positive. The median time to tuberculosis treatment was 0 days (IQR: 0-0) for Xpert positives, 14 days (IQR: 5-35) for those diagnosed empirically, 14 days (IQR: 7-29) for radiological diagnoses, and 144 days (IQR: 28-180) for culture positives. Xpert negative tuberculosis cases were clinically similar to Xpert positives, including HIV status and CD4 count, and had similar treatment outcomes including mortality and time to antiretroviral treatment initiation.

Conclusions: In a high HIV-burden setting, a single Xpert identified less than half of those started on tuberculosis treatment, highlighting the complexity of TB diagnosis even in the Xpert era. Xpert at point-of-care resulted in same day treatment initiation in Xpert-positives, but had no impact on tuberculosis treatment outcomes or mortality.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Flow chart of diagnostic assessment and basis of TB treatment initiation in 641 TB suspects presenting to a primary care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa.

The basis of diagnosis was defined as the earliest positive diagnostic test (smear, culture, Xpert or x-ray), or an empiric diagnosis if treatment was started in absence of or prior to any positive diagnostic test. Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis; Neg, negative; Pos, positive; Cont, contaminated; NTM, non-tuberculous mycobacteria; ND, not done.

Figure 2. Time to TB treatment in 114 TB cases, by basis of TB treatment initiation.

Kaplan-Meier curves showing time to treatment stratified by basis of TB diagnosis, excluding those diagnosed based on 2nd Xpert or sputum smear microscopy (n = 2). The median time to treatment and IQR for each basis of TB treatment initiation are listed. Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis.

Figure 3. Two and six-month outcomes of 591Xpert-negative TB suspects and 50 Xpert-positive TB suspects presenting to a primary care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Abbreviations: LTFU, lost to follow-up; TB, tuberculosis; mo, month; Rx, treatment.