Emotional and economic intimate partner violence as key drivers of depression and suicidal ideation: A cross-sectional study among young women in informal settlements in South Africa

Andrew Gibbs, Kristin Dunkle, Rachel Jewkes, Andrew Gibbs, Kristin Dunkle, Rachel Jewkes

Abstract

NCT03022370. Registered 13 January 2017, retrospectively registered.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

    1. Sachs JD. From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet. 2012;379(9832):2206–11.
    1. Jewkes R. Emotional abuse: a neglected dimension of partner violence. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):851–2. doi: PubMed PMID: ISI:000282069100006.
    1. Devries KM, Child JC, Bacchus LJ, Mak J, Falder G, Graham K, et al. Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction. 2014;109(3):379–91. doi:
    1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–128.
    1. McLaughlin J, O'carroll R , O'connor R. Intimate partner abuse and suicidality: a systematic review. Clinical psychology review. 2012;32(8):677–89. doi:
    1. Devries K, Mak J, Bacchus L, Child J, Falder G, Petzold M, et al. Intimate Partner Violence and Incident Depressive Symptoms and Suicide Attempts: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001439 doi:
    1. Li Y, Marshall CM, Rees HC, Nunez A, Ezeanolue EE, Ehiri JE. Intimate partner violence and HIV infection among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the international AIDS society. 2014;17(1).
    1. Alio AP, Daley EM, Nana PN, Duan J, Salihu HM. Intimate partner violence and contraception use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2009;107(1):35–8.
    1. Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH, Wo WM-CS. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006;368(9543):1260–9. PubMed PMID: ISI:000241058300033. doi:
    1. Fulu E, Jewkes R, Roselli T, Garcia-Moreno C. Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. The lancet global health. 2013;1(4):e187–e207. doi:
    1. Haj-Yahia MM. Implications of wife abuse and battering for self-esteem, depression, and anxiety as revealed by the second Palestinian national survey on violence against women. Journal of Family Issues. 2000;21(4):435–63.
    1. Ludermir AB, Lewis G, Valongueiro SA, de Araújo TVB, Araya R. Violence against women by their intimate partner during pregnancy and postnatal depression: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2010;376(9744):903–10.
    1. Stöckl H, Penhale B. Intimate partner violence and its association with physical and mental health symptoms among older women in Germany. J Interpers Violence. 2015;30(17):3089–111. doi:
    1. Jewkes R, Dunkle K, Jama-Shai N, Gray G. Impact of exposure to intimate partner violence on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell decay in HIV infected women: longitudinal study. Plos One. 2015;10(3):e0122001 doi:
    1. Jewkes R. Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental ill-health in South Africa In: Garcia-Moreno C, Riecher-Rossler A, editors. Violence against Women and Mental Health: Karger; 2013. p. 65–74.
    1. Shamu S, Abrahams N, Temmerman M, Musekiwa A, Zarowsky C. A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors. Plos One. 2011;6(3):e17591 doi:
    1. Postmus JL, Plummer S-B, McMahon S, Murshid NS, Kim MS. Understanding economic abuse in the lives of survivors. J Interpers Violence. 2012;27(3):411–30. doi:
    1. Sanders CK. Economic abuse in the lives of women abused by an intimate partner: A qualitative study. Violence against women. 2015;21(1):3–29. doi:
    1. Antai D, Antai J, Anthony DS. The relationship between socio-economic inequalities, intimate partner violence and economic abuse: A national study of women in the Philippines. Global public health. 2014;9(7):808–26. doi:
    1. Dillon G, Hussain R, Loxton D, Rahman S. Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: a review of the literature. International journal of family medicine. 2013;2013.
    1. Jewkes R, Fulu E, Naved RT, Chirwa E, Dunkle K, Haardörfer R, et al. Women’s and men’s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women’s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific. PLoS Med. 2017;14(9):e1002381 doi:
    1. Gibbs A, Washington L, Willan S, Ntini N, Khumalo T, Mbatha N, et al. The Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV-risk behaviours in Durban, South Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial, and baseline characteristics. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):336 doi:
    1. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied psychological measurement. 1977;1(3):385–401.
    1. Jewkes RK, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Jama PN, Puren A. Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth. Child abuse & neglect. 2010;34(11):833–41.
    1. Gibbs A, Govender K, Jewkes R. An exploratory analysis of factors associated with depression in a vulnerable group of young people living in informal settlements in South Africa. Global Public Health. Forthcoming:1–16.
    1. Jina R, Jewkes R, Hoffman S, Dunkle KL, Nduna M, Shai NJ. Adverse mental health outcomes associated with emotional abuse in young rural South African women: a cross-sectional study. J Interpers Violence. 2012;27(5):862–80. doi:
    1. Jewkes R, Nduna M, Levin J, Jama N, Dunkle K, Khuzwayo N, et al. A cluster randomized-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(1):3–16. doi: PubMed PMID: ISI:000234552700002.
    1. Machisa M, Jewkes R, Morna C, Rama K. The war at home: Gender based violence indicators project. Gauteng Research Report. Johannesburg, South Africa: Gender Links & South African Medical Research Council, 2011.
    1. Paben S, editor Comparison of Variance Estimation Methods for the National Compensation Survey. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association; 1999.
    1. Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, Harlow SD. Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. Lancet. 2004;363(9419):1415–21. PubMed PMID: ISI:000221130300006. doi:
    1. Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS medicine. 2013;10(11):e1001547 doi:
    1. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of internal medicine. 2000;160(14):2101–7.
    1. Rugulies R. Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease: a review and meta-analysis1 1The full text of this article is available via AJPM Online at . American journal of preventive medicine. 2002;23(1):51–61.
    1. Sin NL, Kumar AD, Gehi AK, Whooley MA. Direction of association between depressive symptoms and lifestyle behaviors in patients with coronary heart disease: the Heart and Soul Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2016;50(4):523–32. doi:
    1. Nduna M, Jewkes RK, Dunkle KL, Shai NP, Colman I. Associations between depressive symptoms, sexual behaviour and relationship characteristics: a prospective cohort study of young women and men in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2010;13(1):44.
    1. Bobonis G, Gonzales-Brenes M, Castro R. Public Transfers and Domestic Violence: The Roles of Private Information and Spousal Control. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 2013;5(1):179–205.
    1. Machisa MT, Christofides N, Jewkes R. Mental ill health in structural pathways to women’s experiences of intimate partner violence. Plos One. 2017;12(4):e0175240 doi:
    1. Hunter M. Love in the Time of AIDS: Inequality, Gender, and Rights in South Africa. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press; 2010.
    1. Gibbs A, Jewkes R, Sikweyiya Y, Willan S. Reconstructing Masculinity? A qualitative evaluation of the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention in urban informal settlements in South Africa Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2015;17(2):208–22. doi:

Source: PubMed

3
Sottoscrivi