Earlier time to aerobic exercise is associated with faster recovery following acute sport concussion

David Wyndham Lawrence, Doug Richards, Paul Comper, Michael G Hutchison, David Wyndham Lawrence, Doug Richards, Paul Comper, Michael G Hutchison

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether earlier time to initiation of aerobic exercise following acute concussion is associated with time to full return to (1) sport and (2) school or work.

Methods: A retrospective stratified propensity score survival analysis of acute (≤14 days) concussion was used to determine whether time (days) to initiation of aerobic exercise post-concussion was associated with, both, time (days) to full return to (1) sport and (2) school or work.

Results: A total of 253 acute concussions [median (IQR) age, 17.0 (15.0-20.0) years; 148 (58.5%) males] were included in this study. Multivariate Cox regression models identified that earlier time to aerobic exercise was associated with faster return to sport and school/work adjusting for other covariates, including quintile propensity strata. For each successive day in delay to initiation of aerobic exercise, individuals had a less favourable recovery trajectory. Initiating aerobic exercise at 3 and 7 days following injury was associated with a respective 36.5% (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.53-0.76) and 73.2% (HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.16-0.45) reduced probability of faster full return to sport compared to within 1 day; and a respective 45.9% (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.66) and 83.1% (HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.10-0.30) reduced probability of faster full return to school/work. Additionally, concussion history, symptom severity, LOC deleteriously influenced concussion recovery.

Conclusion: Earlier initiation of aerobic exercise was associated with faster full return to sport and school or work. This study provides greater insight into the benefits and safety of aerobic exercise within the first week of the injury.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Unweighted and continuous balancing propensity…
Fig 1. Unweighted and continuous balancing propensity score (CBPS) weighted absolute Pearson correlation between included covariates and time to aerobic exercise.
Fig 2. Propensity score values within each…
Fig 2. Propensity score values within each propensity score quintile (Q1-Q5) dichotomized by time to aerobic exercise.
Fig 3. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for time…
Fig 3. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for time to full return to A. sport and B. school/work based on the time to initiation of aerobic exercise, after adjustment for all covariates including propensity score strata.

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