Internet-Delivered Health Interventions That Work: Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses and Evaluation of Website Availability

Mary Am Rogers, Kelsey Lemmen, Rachel Kramer, Jason Mann, Vineet Chopra, Mary Am Rogers, Kelsey Lemmen, Rachel Kramer, Jason Mann, Vineet Chopra

Abstract

Background: Due to easy access and low cost, Internet-delivered therapies offer an attractive alternative to improving health. Although numerous websites contain health-related information, finding evidence-based programs (as demonstrated through randomized controlled trials, RCTs) can be challenging. We sought to bridge the divide between the knowledge gained from RCTs and communication of the results by conducting a global systematic review and analyzing the availability of evidence-based Internet health programs.

Objectives: The study aimed to (1) discover the range of health-related topics that are addressed through Internet-delivered interventions, (2) generate a list of current websites used in the trials which demonstrate a health benefit, and (3) identify gaps in the research that may have hindered dissemination. Our focus was on Internet-delivered self-guided health interventions that did not require real-time clinical support.

Methods: A systematic review of meta-analyses was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42016041258). MEDLINE via Ovid, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched. Inclusion criteria included (1) meta-analyses of RCTs, (2) at least one Internet-delivered intervention that measured a health-related outcome, and (3) use of at least one self-guided intervention. We excluded group-based therapies. There were no language restrictions.

Results: Of the 363 records identified through the search, 71 meta-analyses met inclusion criteria. Within the 71 meta-analyses, there were 1733 studies that contained 268 unique RCTs which tested self-help interventions. On review of the 268 studies, 21.3% (57/268) had functional websites. These included evidence-based Web programs on substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis), mental health (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], phobias, panic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder [OCD]), and on diet and physical activity. There were also evidence-based programs on insomnia, chronic pain, cardiovascular risk, and childhood health problems. These programs tended to be intensive, requiring weeks to months of engagement by the user, often including interaction, personalized and normative feedback, and self-monitoring. English was the most common language, although some were available in Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and Mandarin. There were several interventions with numbers needed to treat of <5; these included painACTION, Mental Health Online for panic disorders, Deprexis, Triple P Online (TPOL), and U Can POOP Too. Hyperlinks of the sites have been listed.

Conclusions: A wide range of evidence-based Internet programs are currently available for health-related behaviors, as well as disease prevention and treatment. However, the majority of Internet-delivered health interventions found to be efficacious in RCTs do not have websites for general use. Increased efforts to provide mechanisms to host "interventions that work" on the Web and to assist the public in locating these sites are necessary.

Keywords: Internet; computer-assisted therapy; global health; public health; randomized controlled trial.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Mary AM Rogers, Kelsey Lemmen, Rachel Kramer, Jason Mann, Vineet Chopra. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 24.03.2017.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Translating research into implementation for Internet-delivered health interventions.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram.

References

    1. Yehualashet YG, Horton J, Mkanda P, Vaz RG, Afolabi O, Gashu SG, Banda R, O'Malley H, Nsubuga P. Intensified local resource mobilization for the polio eradication initiative: the experience of World Health Organization in Nigeria during 2008-2015. J Infect Dis. 2016 May 01;213 Suppl 3:S101–7. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv535.
    1. Gómez-Batiste X, Caja C, Espinosa J, Bullich I, Martínez-Muñoz M, Porta-Sales J, Trelis J, Esperalba J, Stjernsward J. The Catalonia World Health Organization demonstration project for palliative care implementation: quantitative and qualitative results at 20 years. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012 Apr;43(4):783–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.05.006.
    1. National Academy of Sciences. 2012. [2017-03-17]. For the public's health: investing in a healthier future .
    1. Hunter DJ, Visram S. Better evidence for smarter policy making. BMJ. 2016 Dec 01;355:i6399.
    1. Fox S, Duggan M. Pew Research Center. [2016-12-05]. Health online 2013 .
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Aug 18;151(4):264–9, W64.
    1. Andersson G, Cuijpers P. Internet-based and other computerized psychological treatments for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38(4):196–205. doi: 10.1080/16506070903318960.
    1. Andrews G, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2010;5(10):e13196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013196.
    1. Aneni EC, Roberson LL, Maziak W, Agatston AS, Feldman T, Rouseff M, Tran TH, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Al-Mallah MH, Budoff MJ, Nasir K. A systematic review of internet-based worksite wellness approaches for cardiovascular disease risk management: outcomes, challenges & opportunities. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e83594. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083594.
    1. Angeles R, Howard M, Dolovich L. The effectiveness of web-based tools for improving blood glucose control in patients with diabetes Mellitus: A meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 2011;35:344–52.
    1. Antwi F, Fazylova N, Garcon M, Lopez L, Rubiano R, Slyer J. The effectiveness of web-based programs on the reduction of childhood obesity in school-aged children: A systematic review. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012;10(42 Suppl):1–14. doi: 10.11124/jbisrir-2012-248.
    1. Arnberg FK, Linton SJ, Hultcrantz M, Heintz E, Jonsson U. Internet-delivered psychological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of their efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e98118. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098118.
    1. Bailey JV, Murray E, Rait G, Mercer CH, Morris RW, Peacock R, Cassell J, Nazareth I. Interactive computer-based interventions for sexual health promotion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(9):CD006483. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006483.pub2.
    1. Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, Michaelis S, Görlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jul;30(4):183–92. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078.
    1. Beintner I, Jacobi C, Taylor CB. Effects of an Internet-based prevention programme for eating disorders in the USA and Germany--a meta-analytic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012 Jan;20(1):1–8. doi: 10.1002/erv.1130.
    1. Black N, Mullan B, Sharpe L. Computer-delivered interventions for reducing alcohol consumption: meta-analysis and meta-regression using behaviour change techniques and theory. Health Psychol Rev. 2016 Sep;10(3):341–57. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1168268.
    1. Buhrman M, Gordh T, Andersson G. Internet interventions for chronic pain including headache: a systematic review. Internet Interv. 2016;(4):17–34.
    1. Cadigan JM, Haeny AM, Martens MP, Weaver CC, Takamatsu SK, Arterberry BJ. Personalized drinking feedback: A meta-analysis of in-person versus computer-delivered interventions. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015 Apr;83(2):430–7. doi: 10.1037/a0038394.
    1. Car J, Lang B, Colledge A, Ung C, Majeed A. Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD007092. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007092.pub2.
    1. Carey KB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Elliott JC, Garey L, Carey MP. Face-to-face versus computer-delivered alcohol interventions for college drinkers: a meta-analytic review, 1998 to 2010. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012 Dec;32(8):690–703. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.08.001.
    1. Chen Y, Madan J, Welton N, Yahaya I, Aveyard P, Bauld L, Wang D, Fry-Smith A, Munafò MR. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2012;16(38):1–205, iii. doi: 10.3310/hta16380.
    1. Cheng SK, Dizon J. Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychother Psychosom. 2012;81(4):206–16. doi: 10.1159/000335379.
    1. Civljak M, Stead LF, Hartmann-Boyce J, Sheikh A, Car J. Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD007078. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007078.pub4.
    1. Cowpertwait L, Clarke D. Effectiveness of web-based psychological interventions for depression: a meta-analysis. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2013;11:247–68.
    1. Cuijpers P, Marks IM, van SA, Cavanagh K, Gega L, Andersson G. Computer-aided psychotherapy for anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38(2):66–82. doi: 10.1080/16506070802694776.
    1. Davies CA, Spence JC, Vandelanotte C, Caperchione CM, Mummery WK. Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:52. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-52.
    1. Davies EB, Morriss R, Glazebrook C. Computer-delivered and web-based interventions to improve depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being of university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(5):e130. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3142.
    1. DeSmet A, Shegog R, Van RD, Crombez G, De BI. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for sexual health promotion involving serious digital games. Games Health J. 2015 Apr;4(2):78–90. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2014.0110.
    1. Dèttore D, Pozza A, Andersson G. Efficacy of technology-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for OCD versus control conditions, and in comparison with therapist-administered CBT: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cogn Behav Ther. 2015;44(3):190–211. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1005660.
    1. Ebert DD, Zarski A, Christensen H, Stikkelbroek Y, Cuijpers P, Berking M, Riper H. Internet and computer-based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in youth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled outcome trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119895. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119895.
    1. Eccleston C, Fisher E, Craig L, Duggan GB, Rosser BA, Keogh E. Psychological therapies (Internet-delivered) for the management of chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2:CD010152. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010152.pub2.
    1. Foster C, Richards J, Thorogood M, Hillsdon M. Remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 30;9:CD010395. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010395.pub2.
    1. Gould RL, Coulson MC, Howard RJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in older people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Oct;60(10):1817–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04166.x.
    1. Graham AL, Carpenter KM, Cha S, Cole S, Jacobs MA, Raskob M, Cole-Lewis H. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Internet interventions for smoking cessation among adults. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2016;7:55–69. doi: 10.2147/SAR.S101660. doi: 10.2147/SAR.S101660.
    1. Grunenberg E, Lin J, Baumeister H. [Effectiveness of web-based psychological interventions for weight loss--a systematic review] Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 2013 Jun;52(3):182–7. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1343489.
    1. Hamel LM, Robbins LB, Wilbur J. Computer- and web-based interventions to increase preadolescent and adolescent physical activity: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2011 Feb;67(2):251–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05493.x.
    1. Hedman E, Ljótsson B, Lindefors N. Cognitive behavior therapy via the Internet: a systematic review of applications, clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2012 Dec;12(6):745–64. doi: 10.1586/erp.12.67.
    1. Hofmann SG, Wu JQ, Boettcher H. Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014 Jun;82(3):375–91. doi: 10.1037/a0035491.
    1. Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Horikawa C, Fujiwara K, Hirasawa R, Yachi Y, Iida KT, Shimano H, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Effect of Web-based lifestyle modification on weight control: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012 May;36(5):675–85. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.121.
    1. Kuester A, Niemeyer H, Knaevelsrud C. Internet-based interventions for posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Feb;43:1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.004.
    1. Li L, Xiong L, Zhang S, Yu Q, Chen M. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Jul;77(1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.03.006.
    1. Linetzky M, Pergamin-Hight L, Pine DS, Bar-Haim Y. Quantitative evaluation of the clinical efficacy of attention bias modification treatment for anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2015 Jun;32(6):383–91. doi: 10.1002/da.22344.
    1. Liu S, Dunford SD, Leung YW, Brooks D, Thomas SG, Eysenbach G, Nolan RP. Reducing blood pressure with Internet-based interventions: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2013 May;29(5):613–21. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.02.007.
    1. Lustria ML, Noar SM, Cortese J, Van Stee SK, Glueckauf RL, Lee J. A meta-analysis of web-delivered tailored health behavior change interventions. J Health Commun. 2013;18(9):1039–69. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2013.768727.
    1. Maon S, Edirippulige S, Ware R, Batch J. The use of web-based interventions to prevent excessive weight gain. J Telemed Telecare. 2012 Jan;18(1):37–41. doi: 10.1258/jtt.2011.110306.
    1. Muresan V, Montgomery G, David D. Eemotional outcomes and mechanisms of change in online cognitive-behavioral interventions: a quantitative meta-analysis of clinical controlled studies. J Technol Hum Serv. 2012;30:1–13.
    1. Murray E, Burns J, See TS, Lai R, Nazareth I. Interactive health communication applications for people with chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD004274. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub4.
    1. Myung S, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, Seo HG, Moskowitz JM. Effects of web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009 May 25;169(10):929–37. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.109.
    1. Noar SM, Black HG, Pierce LB. Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: a meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009 Jan 2;23(1):107–15. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5500.
    1. Nyenhuis N, Golm D, Kröner-Herwig B. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of self-help interventions in tinnitus. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42(2):159–69. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.803496.
    1. Pal K, Eastwood SV, Michie S, Farmer A, Barnard ML, Peacock R, Wood B, Edwards P, Murray E. Computer-based interventions to improve self-management in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jun;37(6):1759–66. doi: 10.2337/dc13-1386.
    1. Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: a meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007. Prev Med. 2008 Jul;47(1):3–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.014.
    1. Reger MA, Gahm GA. A meta-analysis of the effects of internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. J Clin Psychol. 2009 Jan;65(1):53–75. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20536.
    1. Richards J, Thorogood M, Hillsdon M, Foster C. Face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 30;(9):CD010393. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2.
    1. Richards D, Richardson T, Timulak L, McElvaney J. The efficacy of internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Internet Interv. 2015;2:272–82.
    1. Riper H, Spek V, Boon B, Conijn B, Kramer J, Martin-Abello K, Smit F. Effectiveness of E-self-help interventions for curbing adult problem drinking: a meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(2):e42. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1691.
    1. Riper H, Blankers M, Hadiwijaya H, Cunningham J, Clarke S, Wiers R, Ebert D, Cuijpers P. Effectiveness of guided and unguided low-intensity internet interventions for adult alcohol misuse: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99912. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099912.
    1. Rooke S, Thorsteinsson E, Karpin A, Copeland J, Allsop D. Computer-delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2010 Aug;105(8):1381–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02975.x.
    1. Samoocha D, Bruinvels DJ, Elbers NA, Anema JR, van der Beek AJ. Effectiveness of web-based interventions on patient empowerment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2010;12(2):e23. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1286.
    1. Scott-Sheldon LA, Lantini R, Jennings EG, Thind H, Rosen RK, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Bock BC. Text messaging-based interventions for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2016;4(2):e49. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.5436.
    1. Seo D, Niu J. Evaluation of Internet-Based Interventions on Waist Circumference Reduction: A Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2015 Jul 21;17(7):e181. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3921.
    1. Seyffert M, Lagisetty P, Landgraf J, Chopra V, Pfeiffer PN, Conte ML, Rogers Mary A M Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy to treat insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149139. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149139.
    1. Shahab L, McEwen A. Online support for smoking cessation: a systematic review of the literature. Addiction. 2009 Nov;104(11):1792–804. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02710.x.
    1. Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nyklícek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2007 Mar;37(3):319–28. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706008944.
    1. Spijkerman MP, Pots WT, Bohlmeijer ET. Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: A review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:102–14. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009.
    1. Spohr SA, Nandy R, Gandhiraj D, Vemulapalli A, Anne S, Walters ST. Efficacy of sms text message interventions for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015 Sep;56:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.01.011.
    1. Stinson J, Wilson R, Gill N, Yamada J, Holt J. A systematic review of internet-based self-management interventions for youth with health conditions. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Jun;34(5):495–510. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn115.
    1. Tait RJ, Spijkerman R, Riper H. Internet and computer based interventions for cannabis use: a meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Dec 1;133(2):295–304. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.012.
    1. Takano A, Miyamoto Y, Matsumoto T. [A review about new approaches using the Internet and computer technology for people with drug use disorder] Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 2015 Feb;50(1):19–34.
    1. Tao D, Or CK. Effects of self-management health information technology on glycaemic control for patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Telemed Telecare. 2013 Apr 5;19:133–43. doi: 10.1177/1357633X13479701.
    1. Tarver J, Daley D, Lockwood J, Sayal K. Are self-directed parenting interventions sufficient for externalising behaviour problems in childhood? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;23(12):1123–37. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0556-5.
    1. Wieland LS, Falzon L, Sciamanna CN, Trudeau KJ, Brodney S, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW. Interactive computer-based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD007675. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007675.pub2.
    1. Wootton BM. Remote cognitive-behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Feb;43:103–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.001.
    1. Ye Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu J, Li X, Liu Y, Lang Y, Lin L, Yang X, Jiang X. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (ICBT-I) improves comorbid anxiety and depression-a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142258. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142258.
    1. Zachariae R, Lyby MS, Ritterband LM, O'Toole MS. Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2016 Dec;30:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.004.
    1. Zhao J, Zhai Y, Zhu W, Sun D. Effectiveness of telemedicine for controlling asthma symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Telemed J E Health. 2015 Jun;21(6):484–92. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2014.0119.
    1. Doumas DM, Hannah E. Preventing high-risk drinking in youth in the workplace: a web-based normative feedback program. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008 Apr;34(3):263–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.04.006.
    1. Cunningham JA, Wild TC, Cordingley J, van MT, Humphreys K. A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based intervention for alcohol abusers. Addiction. 2009 Dec;104(12):2023–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02726.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02726.x.
    1. Cunningham JA, Murphy M, Hendershot CS. Treatment dismantling pilot study to identify the active ingredients in personalized feedback interventions for hazardous alcohol use: randomized controlled trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2014 Dec 10;10:1. doi: 10.1186/s13722-014-0022-1.
    1. Boon B, Risselada A, Huiberts A, Riper H, Smit F. Curbing alcohol use in male adults through computer generated personalized advice: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(2):e43. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1695.
    1. Brendryen H, Lund IO, Johansen AB, Riksheim M, Nesvåg S, Duckert F. Balance--a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of an online intensive self-help alcohol intervention. Addiction. 2014 Feb;109(2):218–26. doi: 10.1111/add.12383.
    1. Riper H, Kramer J, Smit F, Conijn B, Schippers G, Cuijpers P. Web-based self-help for problem drinkers: a pragmatic randomized trial. Addiction. 2008 Feb;103(2):218–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02063.x.
    1. Steiner J, Woodall W, Yeagley J. Society for Prevention Research. 2005. [2017-03-17]. The E-Chug: a randomized, controlled study of a web-based binge drinking intervention with college freshman .
    1. Doumas D, Andersen L. Reducing alcohol use in first-year university students: evaluation of a web-based personalized feedback program. JCC. 2009;12:18–32. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2009.tb00037.x.
    1. Doumas D, Kane C, Navarro T, Roman J. Decreasing heavy drinking in first-year studentsvaluation of a web-based personalized feedback program administered during orientation. JCC. 2011;14(1):5–20. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2011.tb00060.x.
    1. Alfonso J, Hall TV, Dunn ME. Feedback-based alcohol interventions for mandated students: an effectiveness study of three modalities. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013;20(5):411–23. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1786.
    1. Paschall MJ, Antin T, Ringwalt CL, Saltz RF. Evaluation of an Internet-based alcohol misuse prevention course for college freshmen: findings of a randomized multi-campus trial. Am J Prev Med. 2011 Sep;41(3):300–8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.021.
    1. Lovecchio CP, Wyatt TM, DeJong W. Reductions in drinking and alcohol-related harms reported by first-year college students taking an online alcohol education course: a randomized trial. J Health Commun. 2010 Oct;15(7):805–19. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2010.514032.
    1. Hustad JT, Barnett NP, Borsari B, Jackson KM. Web-based alcohol prevention for incoming college students: a randomized controlled trial. Addict Behav. 2010 Mar;35(3):183–9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.012.
    1. Chiauzzi E, Green TC, Lord S, Thum C, Goldstein M. My student body: a high-risk drinking prevention web site for college students. J Am Coll Health. 2005;53(6):263–74. doi: 10.3200/JACH.53.6.263-274.
    1. Croom K, Staiano-Coico L, Lesser ML, Lewis DK, Reyna VF, Marchell TC, Frank J, Ives S. The glass is half full: evidence for efficacy of alcohol-wise at one university but not the other. J Health Commun. 2015;20(6):627–38. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1012239.
    1. Stoddard JL, Augustson EM, Moser RP. Effect of adding a virtual community (bulletin board) to : randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2008;10(5):e53. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1124.
    1. Fraser D, Kobinsky K, Smith SS, Kramer J, Theobald WE, Baker TB. Five population-based interventions for smoking cessation: a MOST trial. Transl Behav Med. 2014 Dec;4(4):382–90. doi: 10.1007/s13142-014-0278-8.
    1. Borland R, Balmford J, Benda P. Population-level effects of automated smoking cessation help programs: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2013 Mar;108(3):618–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04091.x.
    1. Etter J. Comparing the efficacy of two Internet-based, computer-tailored smoking cessation programs: a randomized trial. J Med Internet Res. 2005;7(1):e2. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.1.e2.
    1. Mañanes G, Vallejo MA. Usage and effectiveness of a fully automated, open-access, Spanish Web-based smoking cessation program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(4):e111. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3091.
    1. Leykin Y, Aguilera A, Torres LD, Pérez-Stable EJ, Muñoz RF. Interpreting the outcomes of automated internet-based randomized trials: example of an international smoking cessation study. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Feb;14(1):e5. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1829.
    1. Wangberg SC, Nilsen O, Antypas K, Gram IT. Effect of tailoring in an internet-based intervention for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2011 Dec 15;13(4):e121. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1605.
    1. Graham AL, Cobb NK, Papandonatos GD, Moreno JL, Kang H, Tinkelman DG, Bock BC, Niaura RS, Abrams DB. A randomized trial of Internet and telephone treatment for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jan 10;171(1):46–53. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.451.
    1. Rooke S, Copeland J, Norberg M, Hine D, McCambridge J. Effectiveness of a self-guided web-based cannabis treatment program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(2):e26. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2256.
    1. Tossmann H, Jonas B, Tensil M, Lang P, Strüber E. A controlled trial of an internet-based intervention program for cannabis users. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Nov;14(11):673–9. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0506.
    1. Lintvedt OK, Griffiths KM, Sørensen K, Østvik AR, Wang CE, Eisemann M, Waterloo K. Evaluating the effectiveness and efficacy of unguided internet-based self-help intervention for the prevention of depression: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013;20(1):10–27. doi: 10.1002/cpp.770.
    1. O'Kearney R, Gibson M, Christensen H, Griffiths KM. Effects of a cognitive-behavioural internet program on depression, vulnerability to depression and stigma in adolescent males: a school-based controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35(1):43–54. doi: 10.1080/16506070500303456.
    1. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon AJ, Brittliffe K. Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression. Psychol Med. 2006 Dec;36(12):1737–46. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706008695.
    1. Farrer L, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon A. Internet-based CBT for depression with and without telephone tracking in a national helpline: randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e28099. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028099.
    1. Meyer B, Berger T, Caspar F, Beevers CG, Andersson G, Weiss M. Effectiveness of a novel integrative online treatment for depression (Deprexis): randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(2):e15. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1151.
    1. de Graaf LE, Huibers MJ, Riper H, Gerhards SA, Arntz A. Use and acceptability of unsupported online computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and associations with clinical outcome. J Affect Disord. 2009 Aug;116(3):227–31. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.009.
    1. Billings DW, Cook RF, Hendrickson A, Dove DC. A web-based approach to managing stress and mood disorders in the workforce. J Occup Environ Med. 2008 Aug;50(8):960–8. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31816c435b.
    1. Chiauzzi E, Brevard J, Thum C, Thurn C, Decembrele S, Lord S. MyStudentBody-Stress: an online stress management intervention for college students. J Health Commun. 2008 Sep;13(6):555–72. doi: 10.1080/10810730802281668.
    1. Boettcher J, Aström V, Påhlsson D, Schenström O, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Internet-based mindfulness treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2014 Mar;45(2):241–53. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.11.003.
    1. Wang Z, Wang J, Maercker A. Chinese My Trauma Recovery, a Web-based intervention for traumatized persons in two parallel samples: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(9):e213. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2690.
    1. Steinmetz SE, Benight CC, Bishop SL, James LE. My Disaster Recovery: a pilot randomized controlled trial of an Internet intervention. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2012;25(5):593–600. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2011.604869.
    1. Richards J, Klein B, Austin D. Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder: Does the inclusion of stress management information improve end-state functioning? Clinical Psychologist. Clinical Psychologist. 2006;10(1):2–15.
    1. Klein B, Richards J. A brief internet-based treatment for panic disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2001;29:113–7.
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G, Robinson E, Peters L, Spence J. Randomized controlled trial of Internet cognitive behavioural treatment for social phobia with and without motivational enhancement strategies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;44(10):938–45. doi: 10.3109/00048674.2010.493859.
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Choi I, Schwencke G, Johnston L. Randomized controlled trial of web-based treatment of social phobia without clinician guidance. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009;43:913–9.
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Choi I, Schwencke G, Mahoney A. Shyness 3: randomized controlled trial of guided versus unguided Internet-based CBT for social phobia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;42(12):1030–40. doi: 10.1080/00048670802512107.
    1. Botella C, Gallego MJ, Garcia-Palacios A, Guillen V, Baños RM, Quero S, Alcañiz M. An Internet-based self-help treatment for fear of public speaking: a controlled trial. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2010 Aug;13(4):407–21. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0224.
    1. Mahoney AE, Mackenzie A, Williams AD, Smith J, Andrews G. Internet cognitive behavioural treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2014 Dec;63:99–106. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.012.
    1. Oenema A, Brug J, Dijkstra A, de Weerdt I, de Vries H. Efficacy and use of an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle intervention, targeting saturated fat intake, physical activity and smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2008 Apr;35(2):125–35. doi: 10.1007/s12160-008-9023-1.
    1. Glasgow RE, Kurz D, King D, Dickman JM, Faber AJ, Halterman E, Wooley T, Toobert DJ, Strycker LA, Estabrooks PA, Osuna D, Ritzwoller D. Outcomes of minimal and moderate support versions of an internet-based diabetes self-management support program. J Gen Intern Med. 2010 Dec;25(12):1315–22. doi: 10.1007/s11606-010-1480-0.
    1. Cook RF, Billings DW, Hersch RK, Back AS, Hendrickson A. A field test of a web-based workplace health promotion program to improve dietary practices, reduce stress, and increase physical activity: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2007;9(2):e17. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9.2.e17.
    1. Collins CE, Morgan PJ, Jones P, Fletcher K, Martin J, Aguiar EJ, Lucas A, Neve MJ, Callister R. A 12-week commercial web-based weight-loss program for overweight and obese adults: randomized controlled trial comparing basic versus enhanced features. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(2):e57. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1980.
    1. Franko DL, Cousineau TM, Trant M, Green TC, Rancourt D, Thompson D, Ainscough J, Mintz LB, Ciccazzo M. Motivation, self-efficacy, physical activity and nutrition in college students: randomized controlled trial of an internet-based education program. Prev Med. 2008 Oct;47(4):369–77. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.013.
    1. Bennett JB, Broome KM, Schwab-Pilley A, Gilmore P. A web-based approach to address cardiovascular risks in managers: results of a randomized trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2011 Aug;53(8):911–8. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182258bd8.
    1. Moore TJ, Alsabeeh N, Apovian CM, Murphy MC, Coffman GA, Cullum-Dugan D, Jenkins M, Cabral H. Weight, blood pressure, and dietary benefits after 12 months of a web-based nutrition education program (DASH for health): longitudinal observational study. J Med Internet Res. 2008;10(4):e52. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1114.
    1. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH, DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3–10. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101.
    1. Lancee J, van den Bout J, van Straten A, Spoormaker VI. Internet-delivered or mailed self-help treatment for insomnia?: a randomized waiting-list controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2012 Jan;50(1):22–9. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.012.
    1. Ritterband LM, Bailey ET, Thorndike FP, Lord HR, Farrell-Carnahan L, Baum LD. Initial evaluation of an Internet intervention to improve the sleep of cancer survivors with insomnia. Psychooncology. 2012 Jul;21(7):695–705. doi: 10.1002/pon.1969.
    1. Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Gonder-Frederick LA, Magee JC, Bailey ET, Saylor DK, Morin CM. Efficacy of an internet-based behavioral intervention for adults with insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;66(7):692–8. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.66.
    1. Espie CA, Kyle SD, Williams C, Ong JC, Douglas NJ, Hames P, Brown JS. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application. Sleep. 2012;35(6):769–81. doi: 10.5665/sleep.1872.
    1. Vincent N, Lewycky S. Logging on for better sleep: RCT of the effectiveness of online treatment for insomnia. Sleep. 2009 Jun;32(6):807–15.
    1. Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, Zacharoff K. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x.
    1. Bromberg J, Wood ME, Black RA, Surette DA, Zacharoff KL, Chiauzzi EJ. A randomized trial of a web-based intervention to improve migraine self-management and coping. Headache. 2012 Feb;52(2):244–61.
    1. Ruehlman LS, Karoly P, Enders C. A randomized controlled evaluation of an online chronic pain self management program. Pain. 2012 Feb;153(2):319–30. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.025.
    1. Nolan RP, Liu S, Shoemaker JK, Hachinski V, Lynn H, Mikulis DJ, Wennberg RA, Moy LM, Zbib A. Therapeutic benefit of internet-based lifestyle counselling for hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2012 May;28(3):390–6. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.02.012.
    1. Sanders MR, Baker S, Turner KM. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of Triple P Online with parents of children with early-onset conduct problems. Behav Res Ther. 2012 Nov;50(11):675–84. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.07.004.
    1. Ritterband LM, Cox DJ, Walker LS, Kovatchev B, McKnight L, Patel K, Borowitz S, Sutphen J. An Internet intervention as adjunctive therapy for pediatric encopresis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003 Oct;71(5):910–7. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.910.
    1. Winzelberg AJ, Eppstein D, Eldredge KL, Wilfley D, Dasmahapatra R, Dev P, Taylor CB. Effectiveness of an Internet-based program for reducing risk factors for eating disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Apr;68(2):346–50.
    1. Jacobi C, Morris L, Beckers C, Bronisch-Holtze J, Winter J, Winzelberg AJ, Taylor CB. Maintenance of internet-based prevention: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord. 2007 Mar;40(2):114–9. doi: 10.1002/eat.20344.
    1. Jacobi C, Völker U, Trockel MT, Taylor CB. Effects of an Internet-based intervention for subthreshold eating disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2012 Feb;50(2):93–9. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.013.
    1. Roberto AJ, Zimmerman RS, Carlyle KE, Abner EL. A computer-based approach to preventing pregnancy, STD, and HIV in rural adolescents. J Health Commun. 2007;12(1):53–76. doi: 10.1080/10810730601096622.
    1. Bowen AM, Horvath K, Williams ML. A randomized control trial of internet-delivered HIV prevention targeting rural MSM. Health Educ Res. 2007 Feb;22(1):120–7. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl057.
    1. Swartz LH, Sherman CA, Harvey SM, Blanchard J, Vawter F, Gau J. Midlife women online: evaluation of an internet-based program to prevent unintended pregnancy & STIs. J Women Aging. 2011;23(4):342–59. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2011.613255.
    1. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon AJ, Brittliffe K. Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression. Psychol Med. 2006 Dec;36(12):1737–46. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706008695.
    1. Internet Live Stats. [2016-12-05]. Internet users in the world
    1. Stringhini S, Sabia S, Shipley M, Brunner E, Nabi H, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A. Association of socioeconomic position with health behaviors and mortality. JAMA. 2010 Mar 24;303(12):1159–66. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.297.
    1. Wolpaw JR, Birbaumer N, Heetderks WJ, McFarland DJ, Peckham PH, Schalk G, Donchin E, Quatrano LA, Robinson CJ, Vaughan TM. Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000 Jun;8(2):164–73.
    1. Brodwin M, Star T, Cardoso E. Computer assistive technology for people who have disabilities: Computer adaptations and modifications. J Rehab. 2004;70(3):28–33.

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi