HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Infants in Uganda Experience Poorer Growth and Body Composition Trajectories than HIV-Unexposed Infants

Abstract

Background: HIV-uninfected infants of HIV-positive women may experience worse growth and health outcomes than infants of HIV-negative women, but this has not been thoroughly investigated under the World Health Organization's most recent recommendations to reduce vertical transmission.

Objective: To determine whether HIV-exposed and -uninfected (HEU) infants whose mothers received Option B+ have higher odds of experiencing suboptimal growth trajectories than HIV-unexposed, -uninfected infants, and if this relationship is affected by food insecurity.

Design: Repeated anthropometric measures were taken on 238 infants (HEU = 86) at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after delivery in Gulu, Uganda. Latent class growth mixture modeling was used to develop trajectories for length-for-age z-scores, weight-for-length z-scores, mid-upper arm circumference, sum of skinfolds, and arm fat area. Multinomial logistic models were also built to predict odds of trajectory class membership, controlling for socioeconomic factors.

Results: HEU infants had greater odds of being in the shortest 2 length-for-age z-scores trajectory classes [odds ratio (OR) = 3.80 (1.22-11.82), OR = 8.72 (1.80-42.09)] and higher odds of being in smallest sum of skinfolds trajectory class [OR = 3.85 (1.39-10.59)] vs. unexposed infants. Among HEU infants, increasing food insecurity was associated with lower odds of being in the lowest sum of skinfolds class [OR = 0.86 (0.76-0.98)].

Conclusions: There continues to be differences in growth patterns by HIV-exposure under the new set of World Health Organization guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the feeding of HEU infants in low-resource settings that are not readily identified through traditional mixed-effects modeling. Food insecurity was not associated with class membership, but differentially affected adiposity by HIV-exposure status.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02922829 NCT02925429.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement: The authors report no conflicts of interest

Figures

Figure 1:

HEU infants have lower mean LAZ through the first year of life. WLZ, MUAC, sum of skinfolds, and AFA are similar between HEU and HUU infants.

Figure 2:

Mean growth trends of classes by anthropometric measure indicate that some subgroups experience fundamental differences in the shapes of their growth over time.