Development and validation of a self-management scale of type 1 diabetes for Chinese adults

Song Zhu, Fang Liu, Jina Li, Yuzhu Guan, Meng Meng, Xia Li, Zhiguang Zhou, Rong Xu, Lezhi Li, Song Zhu, Fang Liu, Jina Li, Yuzhu Guan, Meng Meng, Xia Li, Zhiguang Zhou, Rong Xu, Lezhi Li

Abstract

Objective: Self-management is beneficial for improving health outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes. However, there are no validated instruments to assess self-management in Chinese adults with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes for Chinese Adults (SMOD-CA) scale.

Methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to develop the SMOD-CA.We conducted a literature review and semi-structured interviews to generate an initial item pool. An expert panel examined the content validity. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to evaluate scale reliability and validity. A total of 243 participants were recruited. Exploratory factor analyses were used to test the construct validity, and internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed.

Results: The expert panel determined that the SMOD-CA content validity index was satisfactory. The final 30-item scale consisted of four factors explaining 49.50% of the total variance in the data. Cronbach's α was 0.901 for the total scale and 0.911 for test-retest reliability.

Conclusions: The SMOD-CA demonstrated good reliability and validity. The scale is a credible and effective instrument that can be used by social workers and health care professionals to assess self-management in Chinese adults with type 1 diabetes.Trial registration number NCT03610984.

Keywords: Chinese adults; Reliability; scale; self-management; type 1 diabetes; validity.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of scale development.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Scree plot of principal components analysis of the Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes for Chinese Adults (SMOD-CA) scale.

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