Is alveolar cleft reconstruction still controversial? (Review of literature)

Sameh A Seifeldin, Sameh A Seifeldin

Abstract

Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) is a frequent congenital malformation that manifests in several varieties including unilateral or bilateral and complete or incomplete. Alveolar cleft reconstruction remains controversial with regard to timing, graft materials, surgical techniques, and methods of evaluation. Many studies have been conducted addressing these points to develop an acceptable universal protocol for managing CL/P. The primary goal of alveolar cleft reconstruction in CL/P patients is to provide a bony bridge at the cleft site that allows maxillary arch continuity, oronasal fistula repair, eruption of the permanent dentition into the newly formed bone, enhances nasal symmetry through providing alar base support, orthodontic movement and placement of osseointegrated implants when indicated. Other goals include improving speech, improvement of periodontal conditions, establishing better oral hygiene, and limiting growth disturbances. In order to rehabilitate oral function in CL/P patients alveolar bone grafting is necessary. Secondary bone grafting is the most widely accepted method for treating alveolar clefts. Autogenous bone graft is the primary source for reconstructing alveolar cleft defects and is currently the preferred grafting material.

Keywords: Alveolar cleft; Bone grafting; Reconstruction.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Embryonic development of the face, 6th week Avery and Chiego (2006).

References

    1. Amin Kalaaji J.L., Elander Anna, Friede Hans. Tibia as donor site for alveolar bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate: long term experience. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Hand. Surg. 2001;35:35–42.
    1. Anitua E., Andia I., Ardanza B., Nurden P., Nurden A.T. Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration. Thromb. Haemost. 2004;91:4–15.
    1. Avery J.K., Chiego D.J. third ed. Elsevier; St. Louis: 2006. Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach.
    1. Bagheri S.C., Bell R.B., Khan H.A. Cleft lip and palate: timing and approaches to reconstruction. Curr. Ther. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Radhika C. 2012;1:726–749.
    1. Bähr W., Coulon J.P. Limits of the mandibular symphysis as a donor site for bone grafts in early secondary cleft palate osteoplasty. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1996;25:389–393.
    1. Baqain Z.H., Anabtawi M., Karaky A.A., Malkawi Z. Morbidity from anterior iliac crest bone harvesting for secondary alveolar bone grafting: an outcome assessment study. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67(3):570–575.
    1. Behnia H., Khojasteh A., Soleimani M., Tehranchi A., Khoshzaban A., Keshel S.H., Atashi R. Secondary repair of alveolar clefts using human mesenchymal stem cells. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radio. Endo. 2009;108(2):1–6.
    1. Besly W., Booth P.W. Technique for harvesting tibial cancellous bone modified for use in children. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1999;37(2):129–133.
    1. Blanton S.H., Bertin T., Patel S., Stal S., Mulliken J.B., Hecht J.T. Nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate: four chromosomal regions of interest. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2004;125A(1):28–37.
    1. Bosker H., Van Dijk L. Het Botransplantaat Vit De Mandibule Voor herstel van de gnatho-palatoschisis. Ned. T. Tandheelk. 1980;87:383–389.
    1. Brägger U., Schürch E., Jr., Gusberti F.A., Lang N.P. Periodontal conditions in adolescents with cleft lip, alveolus and palate following treatment in a co-ordinated team approach. J. Clin. Periodontol. 1985;12(6):494–502.
    1. Brusati R., Mannucci N. The early gingivoalveoloplasty. Preliminary results. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 1992;26(1):65–70.
    1. Bureau S., Penko M., McFadden L. Speech outcome after closure of oronasal fistulas with bone grafts. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2001;59(12):1408–1413.
    1. Choukroun J., Dohan D.M., Diss A., Mouhy J. Platelet–rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part III: leucocyte activation: a new feature for platelet concentrates? Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2006;101(3):e51–e55.
    1. Cobourne M.T. The complex genetics of cleft lip and palate. Eur. J. Orthod. 2004;26(1):7–16.
    1. da Silva Filho O.G., Boiani E., de Oliveira Cavassan A., Santamaria M., Jr. Rapid maxillary expansion after secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with alveolar cleft. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2009;46(3):331–338.
    1. Eichhorn W., Blessmann M., Pohlenz P., Blake F.A., Gehrke G., Schmelzle R., Heiland M. Primary osteoplasty using calvarian bone in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;37(8):429–433.
    1. Enemark H., Jensen J., Bosch C. Mandibular bone graft material for reconstruction of alveolar cleft defects: long-term results. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 2001;38:155–163.
    1. Eppley B.L. Alveolar cleft bone grafting (Part I): primary bone grafting. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1996;54(1):74–82.
    1. Eppley B.L., van Aalst J.A., Robey A., Havlik R.J., Sadove A.M. The spectrum of orofacial clefting. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2005;115(7):101e–114e.
    1. Filho O.G.S., Ozawa T.O., Bachega C., BachegaI M.A. Reconstruction of alveolar cleft with allogenous bone graft: clinical considerations. Dent. Press J. Orthod. 2013;18(6) (SPECIAL ARTICLE)
    1. Freihofer H.P., Borstlap W.A., Kuijpers-Jagtman A.M., Voorsmit R.A., van Damme P.A., Heidbüchel K.L., Borstlap-Engels V.M. Timing and transplant materials for closure of alveolar clefts: a clinical comparison of 296 cases. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 1993;21(4):143–148.
    1. Hagberg C., Larson O., Milerad J. Incidence of cleft lip and palate and risks of additional malformations. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 1998;35(1):40–45.
    1. Henkel K.O., Gundlach K.K.H. Analysis of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty in alveolar cleft repair. Part I: facial growth. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 1997;25(5):266–269.
    1. Hibi H., Yamada Y., Ueda M., Endo Y. Alveolar cleft osteoplasty using tissue-engineered osteogenic material. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2006;35(6):551–555.
    1. Honma K., Kobayashi T., Nakajima T., Hayasi T. Computed tomographic evaluation of bone formation after secondary bone grafting of alveolar clefts. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1999;57(10):1209–1213.
    1. Horswell B.B., Henderson J.M. Secondary osteoplasty of the alveolar cleft defect. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2003;61(9):1082–1090.
    1. Hughes C.W., Revington P.J. The proximal tibia donor site in cleft alveolar bone grafting: experience of 75 consecutive cases. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;30(1):12–16.
    1. Hynes P.J., Earley M.J. Assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting using a modification of the Bergland grading system. Br. J. Plastic. Surg. 2003;56(7):630–636.
    1. Jennifer L.M., John F.C., Dominick P.C., John J.S., John P.F. Tissue engineering solutions for cleft palates. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2007;65:2503–2511.
    1. Kasabah S., Simunek A., Krug J., Lecaro M.C. Maxillary sinus augmentation with deproteinized bovine bone (BioOss) and implandent dental implant system. Part II. Evaluation of deprotenized bovine bone (Bio-Oss) and implant surface. Acta. Med. (Hradec Kralove) 2002;45:167–171.
    1. Kawata T., Matsuki A., Kohno S., Fujita T., Sugiyama H., Tokimasa C., Kaku M., Tsutsui K., Moon H., Tanne K. A new transplant bone for maxillary alveolar cleft. J. Exp. Anim. Sci. 2004;43(1):19–28.
    1. Keese E., Schmelzle R. New findings concerning early bone grafting procedures in patients with cleft lip and palate. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 1995;23(5):296–301.
    1. Kindelan J., Roberts-Harry D. A 5-year post-operative review of secondary alveolar bone grafting in the Yorkshire region. Br. J. Orthod. 1999;26(3):211–217.
    1. Kirker-Head C.A. Potential applications and delivery strategies for bone morphogenetic proteins. Adv Drug Deliv. Rev. 2000;43(1):65–92.
    1. Lazarou S.A., Contodimos G.B., Gkegkes I.D. Correction of alveolar cleft with calcium-based bone substitutes. J. Craniofac. Surg. 1997;22(3):854–857.
    1. Le B.T., Woo I. Alveolar cleft repair in adults using guided bone regeneration with mineralized allograft for dental implant site development: a report of 2 cases. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67(8):1716–1722.
    1. Ling He, Ye Lin, Hu Xiulian, Yu Zhang, Wu Hui A comparative study of platelet-rich fibrin(PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the effect of proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts in vitro. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radio. Endo. 2009;108:707–713.
    1. Machos C.C. Orthodontic treatment for the cleft palate patient. Sem. Orthod. 1996;2(3):197–204.
    1. Marazita M.L., Mooney M.P. Current concepts in the embryology and genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate. Clin. Plast. Surg. 2004;31(2):125–140.
    1. Nightingale C., Witherow H., Reid F.D., Edler R. Comparative reproducibility of three methods of radiographic assessment of alveolar bone grafting. Eur. J. Orthod. 2003;25(1):35–41.
    1. Ochs M.W. Alveolar cleft bone grafting (Part II): secondary bone grafting. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1996;54(1):83–88.
    1. Ozaki W., Buchman S.R. Volume maintenance of onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton: micro-architecture versus embryologic origin. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1998;102(2):291–299.
    1. Ozaki W., Buchman S.R., Goldstein S.A., Fyhrie D.P. A comparative analysis of the microarchitecture of cortical membranous and cortical endochondral onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1999;104(1):139–147.
    1. Peter, E., Larsen, D., 2004. Reconstruction of the Alveolar Cleft. Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Peterson’s second ed. m. miloro. Vol. 2. 859–870.
    1. Pradel W., Tausche E., Gollogly J., Lauer G. Spontaneous tooth eruption after alveolar cleft osteoplasty using tissue-engineered bone: a case report. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2008;105(4):440–444.
    1. Rawashdeh M.A., Telfah H. Secondary alveolar bone grafting: the dilemma of donor site selection and morbidity. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2008;46(8):665–670.
    1. Robert Mischkowski A., Pulsfort Reinhard, Ritter Lutz, Neugebauer Jörg, Brochhagen Hans Georg, Keeve Erwin, Zöller Joachim E. Geometric accuracy of a newly developed cone-beam device for maxillofacial imaging. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2007;104:551–559.
    1. Ronchi P., Chiapasco M., Frattini D. Endosseous implants for prosthetic rehabilitation in bone grafted alveolar clefts. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 1995;23(6):382–386.
    1. Rosenstein S.W. Early bone grafting of alveolar cleft deformities. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2003;61(9):1078–1081.
    1. Sadove A.M., van Aalst J.A., Culp J.A. Cleft palate repair: art and issues. Clin. Plast. Surg. 2004;31:231.
    1. Sanchez A.R., Sheridan P.J., Kupp L.I. Is platelet-rich plasma the perfect enhancement factor? A current review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 2003;18:93–103.
    1. Scarfe W.C., Farman A.G., Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2006;72:75–80.
    1. Schmelzeisen R., Schimming R., Sittinger M. Making bone: implant insertion into tissue-engineered bone for maxillary sinus floor augmentation–a preliminary report. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 2003;31(1):34–39.
    1. Sperber, G.H., et al. 2001. Craniofacial development. Hamilton, Ont. Vol vi, B.C. Decker, London, 220.
    1. Strong E.B., Moulthrop T. Calvarial bone graft harvest: a new technique. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000;123(5):547–552.
    1. Sunitha Raja V., Munirathnam Naidu E. Platelet–rich fibrin: evolution of a second generation platelet concentrate. Int. J. Dental Res. 2008;19:42–46.
    1. Swan M.C., Goodacre T.E.E. Morbidity at the iliac crest donor site following bone grafting of the cleft alveolus. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2006;44(2):129–133.
    1. Tadjoedin E.S., De Lange G.L., Bronckers A.L., Lyaruu D.M., Burger E.H. Deproteinized cancellous bovine bone (Bio-Oss) as bone substitute for sinus floor elevation: a retrospective histomorphometrical study of five cases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2003;30:261–270.
    1. Tai C.C., Sutherland I.S., McFadden L. Prospective analysis of secondary alveolar bone grafting using computed tomography. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2000;58(11):1241–1249.
    1. Takahashi T., Inai T., Kochi S., Fukuda M., Yamaguchi T., Matsui K., Echigo S., Watanabe M. Long-term follow-up of dental implants placed in a grafted alveolar cleft: evaluation of alveolar bone height. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2008;105(3):297–302.
    1. Trindade I.K., Mazzottini R., da Silva Filho O., Trindade I.E.K., Deboni M. Long-term radiographic assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting outcomes in patients with alveolar clefts. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2005;100(3):271–277.
    1. Vahtsevanos K., Triaridis S., Patrikidou A., Uttley D., Moore A.J., Bell A., Stapleton S., Archer D.J. The Atkinson Morley’s Hospital joint neurosurgical – maxillofacial procedures: Cranioplasty case series 1985–2003. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 2007;35(8):336–342.
    1. Yılmaz S., Kılıç R., Keles A., Efeogˇlud E. Reconstruction of an alveolar cleft for orthodontic tooth movement (case report) Am. J. Orth. Dentofac. Orthoped. 2000;117(2):156–163.

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi