Sociodemographic Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep among Toddlers and Preschoolers in Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nicolas Aguilar-Farias, Marcelo Toledo-Vargas, Sebastian Miranda-Marquez, Andrea Cortinez-O'Ryan, Carlos Cristi-Montero, Fernando Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Pia Martino-Fuentealba, Anthony D Okely, Borja Del Pozo Cruz, Nicolas Aguilar-Farias, Marcelo Toledo-Vargas, Sebastian Miranda-Marquez, Andrea Cortinez-O'Ryan, Carlos Cristi-Montero, Fernando Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Pia Martino-Fuentealba, Anthony D Okely, Borja Del Pozo Cruz

Abstract

The aim was to examine the sociodemographic predictors associated with changes in movement behaviors (physical activity, screen time, and sleep) among toddlers and preschoolers during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Chile. Caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children completed an online survey between 30 March and 27 April 2020. Information about the child's movement behaviors before (retrospectively) and during the pandemic, as well as family characteristics were reported. In total, 3157 participants provided complete data (mean children age: 3.1 ± 1.38 years). During early stages of the pandemic, time spent in physical activity decreased, recreational screen time and sleep duration increased, and sleep quality declined. Toddlers and preschoolers with space to play at home and living in rural areas experienced an attenuated impact of the pandemic restrictions on their physical activity levels, screen time, and sleep quality. Older children, those whose caregivers were aged ≥35-<45 years and had a higher educational level, and those living in apartments had greater changes, mainly a decrease in total physical activity and increase in screen time. This study has shown the significant impact of the pandemic restrictions on movement behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers in Chile.

Keywords: COVID-19; active play; movement behaviors; outdoor time; physical activity; sedentary behavior; sleep.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

    1. Ministerio de Salud Gobierno de Chile Casos Confirmados en Chile COVID-19. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online:
    1. Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. Coronavirus Resource Center Mortality Trends. [(accessed on 27 October 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. Cortinez-O′Ryan A., Moran M.R., Rios A.P., Anza-Ramirez C., Slovic A.D. Could severe mobility and park use restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic aggravate health inequalities? Insights and challenges from Latin America. Cad. Saude Publica. 2020;36:e00185820. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00185820.
    1. Guan H., Okely A.D., Aguilar-Farias N., Del Pozo Cruz B., Draper C.E., El Hamdouchi A., Florindo A.A., Jauregui A., Katzmarzyk P.T., Kontsevaya A., et al. Promoting healthy movement behaviours among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health. 2020;4:416–418. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30131-0.
    1. Bates L.C., Zieff G., Stanford K., Moore J.B., Kerr Z.Y., Hanson E.D., Barone Gibbs B., Kline C.E., Stoner L. COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep. Children. 2020;7:138. doi: 10.3390/children7090138.
    1. World Health Organization . Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2019.
    1. Okely A.D., Ghersi D., Hesketh K.D., Santos R., Loughran S.P., Cliff D.P., Shilton T., Grant D., Jones R.A., Stanley R.M., et al. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines-The Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the early years (Birth to 5 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:869. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4867-6.
    1. Crawley E., Loades M., Feder G., Logan S., Redwood S., Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr. Open. 2020;4:e000701. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701.
    1. Harris P.A., Taylor R., Minor B.L., Elliott V., Fernandez M., O’Neal L., McLeod L., Delacqua G., Delacqua F., Kirby J. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J. Biomed. Inform. 2019;95:103208. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208.
    1. Delisle Nystrom C., Alexandrou C., Henstrom M., Nilsson E., Okely A.D., Wehbe El Masri S., Lof M. International Study of Movement Behaviors in the Early Years (SUNRISE): Results from SUNRISE Sweden’s Pilot and COVID-19 Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:8491. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228491.
    1. Draper C., Tomaz S.A., Cook C.J., Jugdav S.S., Ramsammy C., Besharati S., Van Heerden A., Vilakazi K., Cockcroft K., Howard S.J., et al. Understanding the influence of 24-hour movement behaviours on the health and development of preschool children from low-income South African settings: The SUNRISE pilot study. S. Afr. J. Sports Med. 2020;32:1–7. doi: 10.17159/2078-516X/2020/v32i1a8415.
    1. Hidding L.M., Chinapaw M.J.M., van Poppel M.N.M., Mokkink L.B., Altenburg T.M. An Updated Systematic Review of Childhood Physical Activity Questionnaires. Sports Med. 2018;48:2797–2842. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0987-0.
    1. Castro-Schilo L., Grimm K.J. Using residualized change versus difference scores for longitudinal research. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 2017;35:32–58. doi: 10.1177/0265407517718387.
    1. Dalecki M., Willits F.K. Examining change using regression analysis: Three approaches compared. Sociol. Spectr. 1991;11:127–145. doi: 10.1080/02732173.1991.9981960.
    1. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas-Chile Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. Aguilar-Farias N., Miranda-Marquez S., Martino-Fuentealba P., Sadarangani K.P., Chandia-Poblete D., Mella-Garcia C., Carcamo-Oyarzun J., Cristi-Montero C., Rodriguez-Rodriguez F., Delgado-Floody P., et al. 2018 Chilean Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Adolescents: Full Report and International Comparisons. J. Phys. Act. Health. 2020;17:807–815. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0120.
    1. Aguilar-Farias N., Cortinez-O’Ryan A., Sadarangani K.P., Von Oetinger A., Leppe J., Valladares M., Balboa-Castillo T., Cobos C., Lemus N., Walbaum M., et al. Results from Chile’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J. Phys. Act. Health. 2016;13:S117–S123. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0314.
    1. Elige Vivir Sano Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia Gobierno de Chile Vida Saludable en Casa. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online:
    1. Ministerio de Educación Gobierno de Chile Programación TV Educa Chile. [(accessed on 10 October 2020)]; Available online:
    1. Ministerio de Educación Gobierno de Chile Priorización Curricular COVID-19 Educación Física y Salud. 1° Básico a 4° Medio. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. Intendencia Región del Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins Covid-19: Autoridad Adopta Medida del Cierre de Calles en el Centro de RANCAGUA. [(accessed on 10 October 2020)]; Available online:
    1. Ibarra-Mora J., Alvarez C., Aguilar-Farias N., Correa Escalona P., Cristi-Montero C., Delgado Arroyo P., Picasso C., Toledo Romero C., Smith Plaza R. Guía de Actividad Física en Familia Durante Confinamiento. Gobierno de Chile; Santiago, Chile: 2020. Mesa Técnica interministerial para la Educación Física, Actividad Física y Deporte Escolar en pandemia Gobierno de Chile.
    1. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas–Chile Boletín Estadístico: Empleo Trimestral. Edición 263/30 de septiembre de 2020. [(accessed on 1 October 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. Dellagiulia A., Lionetti F., Fasolo M., Verderame C., Sperati A., Alessandri G. Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children’s sleep: A 4-week longitudinal study. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2020;16:1639–1640. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8648.
    1. Chile Crece Contigo Gobierno de Chile Chile Crece Contigo. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online:
    1. Zenic N., Taiar R., Gilic B., Blazevic M., Maric D., Pojskic H., Sekulic D. Levels and Changes of Physical Activity in Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Contextualizing Urban vs. Rural Living Environment. Appl. Sci. 2020;10:3997. doi: 10.3390/app10113997.
    1. Mitra R., Moore S.A., Gillespie M., Faulkner G., Vanderloo L.M., Chulak-Bozzer T., Rhodes R.E., Brussoni M., Tremblay M.S. Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment. Health Place. 2020;65:102418. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418.
    1. Moore S.A., Faulkner G., Rhodes R.E., Brussoni M., Chulak-Bozzer T., Ferguson L.J., Mitra R., O’Reilly N., Spence J.C., Vanderloo L.M., et al. Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020;17:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8.
    1. Triana C.A., Sarmiento O.L., Bravo-Balado A., Gonzalez S.A., Bolivar M.A., Lemoine P., Meisel J.D., Grijalba C., Katzmarzyk P.T. Active streets for children: The case of the Bogota Ciclovia. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0207791. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207791.
    1. Torres A., Sarmiento O.L., Stauber C., Zarama R. The Ciclovia and Cicloruta programs: Promising interventions to promote physical activity and social capital in Bogota, Colombia. Am. J. Public Health. 2013;103:e23–e30. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301142.
    1. Cortinez-O’Ryan A., Albagli A., Sadarangani K.P., Aguilar-Farias N. Reclaiming streets for outdoor play: A process and impact evaluation of “Juega en tu Barrio” (Play in your Neighborhood), an intervention to increase physical activity and opportunities for play. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0180172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180172.
    1. O’Donovan G., Fajardo Ardila K., Hurtado Ramirez H., Mayorga Ramirez H., Ruiz Gomez N., Sarmiento O.L. Community Physical Activity Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Where There’s a Will, There’s a Way! [(accessed on 3 August 2020)]; Available online:
    1. Alcadía de Bogotá Con 22 km. de Ciclovía la Alcaldía Busca Descongestionar TransMilenio. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Prioritising Cyclists and Pedestrians for a Safer, Stronger Recovery. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. The New York Times ‘Corona Cycleways’ Become the New Post-Confinement Commute. [(accessed on 30 September 2020)]; Available online: .
    1. Ministerio de Salud Gobierno de Chile . Recomendaciones de la CMEIS para los Comités Ético Científicos (CECs) en la Revisión de Protocolos de Investigación en Contexto de Pandemia por COVID-19. 6 Junio 2020. Comisión Ministerial de Ética en Investigación en Salud; Santiago, Chile: 2020.

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi