When a pandemic and an epidemic collide: COVID-19, gut microbiota, and the double burden of malnutrition

Paula Littlejohn, B Brett Finlay, Paula Littlejohn, B Brett Finlay

Abstract

Background: It is estimated that the COVID-19 pandemic will drastically increase all forms of malnutrition. Of particular concern, yet understated, is the potential to increase the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) epidemic. This coexistence of undernutrition together with overweight and obesity, or diet-related non-communicable disease (NCD), within low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) is increasing rapidly. Although multiple factors contribute to the DBM, food insecurity (FI) and gut microbiota dysbiosis play a crucial role. Both under- and overnutrition have been shown to be a consequence of food insecurity. The gut microbiota has also been recently implicated in playing a role in under- and overnutrition, with altered community structure and function common to both. The pandemic has already caused significant shifts in food availability which has immediate effects on the gut microbiome. In this opinion paper, we discuss how COVID-19 may indirectly exacerbate the DBM through food insecurity and the gut microbiome.

Main text: The World Food Programme (WFP) estimates that 265 million people in LMICs will experience acute hunger in 2020 due to the pandemic, nearly doubling the original projection of 135 million. Global border closures to food trade, loss of food production, and stark decline in household income will exacerbate starvation while simultaneously necessitating that families resort to calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods, thereby increasing obesity. While food insecurity, which is the persistent lack of consistent access to adequate and nutrient-rich foods, will primarily drive nutrition behavior, the gut microbiome is perhaps a key biological mechanism. Numerous human and animal studies describe low diversity and an increase in inflammatory species as characteristic features of the undernourished and overnourished gut microbiota. Indeed, fecal transplant studies show that microbiota transfer from undernourished and overnourished humans to germ-free mice lacking a microbiome transfers the physical and metabolic phenotype, suggesting a causal role for the microbiota in under- and overnutrition. The observed microbiome dysbiosis within severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coupled with the DBM presents a viscous cycle.

Conclusion: Low- to mid-income countries will likely see an increase in the DBM epidemic. Providing access to nutritious foods and protecting individuals' gut microbiome to "flatten the curve" of the DBM trajectory should be prioritized.

Keywords: COVID-19; Double burden of malnutrition; Food insecurity; Gut microbiota.

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no competing financial interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A proposed biological and environmental view of COVID-19 and DBM interaction. From the top: SARS-CoV-2 modulates the gut microbiota composition leading to reduced diversity, richness, and beneficial species and enrichment of proinflammatory species. DBM show similar gut microbiota signature and physiology, thus predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 severity. COVID-19 also impacts food insecurity driving both starvation and consumption of ultra-processed foods, resulting in leading to stunting, wasting, and obesity. This negative looped interaction impacts the gut microbiome and weight driving the double burden of malnutrition. Created with BioRender.com

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