The effect of air-lock technique on pain at the site of intramuscular injection

Dilek K Yılmaz, Yurdanur Dikmen, Fürüzan Köktürk, Yasemin Dedeoğlu, Dilek K Yılmaz, Yurdanur Dikmen, Fürüzan Köktürk, Yasemin Dedeoğlu

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the effects of air-lock technique (ALT) on pain of intramuscular (IM) injection delivered to the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal site (DS).

Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was used to assess the pain intensity associated with IM injections administered using 2 different methods and injection sites. Recruitment of patients was carried out between April and August 2013 at the Department of Brain Surgery, Cekirge State Hospital, Bursa, Turkey. The sample comprised 60 patients who developed no complications at the IM site, and had no illness that could affect their perception of pain. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 patients. Patients in the first group received injections in the ventrogluteal site (VS), while the DS was used for injections in the second group. Patients in each group received 2 injections, one using ALT and one not using the technique. After each injection, the pain felt by patients during the injection was immediately assessed using a visual analog scale.

Results: The mean pain score after injections to the DS by the ALT was 3.30 ± 2.70, while the mean pain score after injections to the VS using the same technique was 2.53 ± 2.52.

Conclusion: Although the difference between groups was not significant, the results of the study supported the idea that injections delivered to the VS by ALT are less painful than those delivered to the DS.

References

    1. Nicoll LH, Hesby A. Intramuscular injection: an integrative research review and guideline for evidence-based practice. Appl Nurs Res. 2002;15:149–162.
    1. Tugrul E, Denat Y. Nurses ventrogluteal field injection practices related to knowledge, opinions and practices. Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing. 2014;7:275–284.
    1. Engstrom JL, Giglio NN, Takacs SM, Ellis MC, Cherwenka DI. Procedures used to prepare and administer intramuscular injections: a study of infertility nurses. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000;29:159–168.
    1. Celik N, Khorshid L. The use of ShotBlocker for reducing the pain and anxiety associated with intramuscular injection: a randomized, placebo controlled study. Holist Nurs Pract. 2015;29:261–271.
    1. Kanika K, Prasad S. Effect of massage on pain perception after administration of intramuscular injection among adult patients. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal. 2011;3:130–138.
    1. Cupitt M, Kasipandian V. Pain and intramuscular injections. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:88–99.
    1. Small S. Preventing sciatic nerve injury from intramuscular injections: literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2004;47:287–296.
    1. Malkin B. Are techniques used for intramuscular injection based on research evidence? Nurs Times. 2008;104:48–51.
    1. Rodger MA, King L. Drawing up and administering intramuscular injections: a review of the literature. J Adv Nurs. 2000;31:574–582.
    1. Wynaden D, Landsborough I, McGowan S, Baigmohamad Z, Finn M, Pennebaker D. Best practice guidelines for the administration of intramuscular injections in the mental health setting. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2006;15:195–200.
    1. Donaldson C, Green J. Using the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection. Nurs Times. 2005;101:36–38.
    1. Greenway K. Using the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection. Nurs Stand. 2004;18:39–42.
    1. Hunter J. Intramuscular injection techniques. Nurs Stand. 2008;22:35–40.
    1. Gunes UY, Zaybak A, Bicici B, Cevik K. The examination of the procedures regarding to intramuscular injection used by the nurses. Journal of Ataturk University School of Nursing. 2009;12:84–90.
    1. Mac Gabhann L. A comparison of two depot injection techniques. Nurs Stand. 1998;12:39–41.
    1. Najafidolatabad SH, Malekzadeh J, Mohebbinovbandegani Z. Comparison of the pain severity, drug leakage and ecchymosis rates caused by the application on tramadol intramuscular injection in Z-track and air-lock techniques. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería. 2010;28:171–175.
    1. Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP) Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63:240–252.
    1. Kara D, Uzelli D, Karaman D. Using ventrogluteal site in intramuscular injections is a priority or an alternative? International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2015;8:507–513.
    1. Greenway K. Rituals in nursing: intramuscular injections. J Clin Nurs. 2014;23:3583–3588.
    1. Gunes UY, Zaybak A, Tamsel S. The examination of the reliability of the method used in identifying of ventrogluteal site. Journal of Cumhuriyet University School of Nursing. 2008;12:1–8.
    1. Gunes UY, Kara D, Arı S, Ceyhan O. Which site is more painful in intramuscular injections? The dorsogluteal site or ventrogluteal site? A case study from Turkey. Clinical Nursing Studies. 2013;1:74–81.
    1. Moharreri AR, Nasiri H, Jahanshahi M, Rahmani H, Abdollahi A, Rabiei M. The comparison of pain intensity and rate of bleeding in intramuscular injection in dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal area. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2007;9:37–41.
    1. Ehsani M, Hatamipour KH, Sedaghatı M, Ghanbari A. A comparative study on pain severity caused by Z-track and air lock methods for intramuscular injection. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2012;11:309–315.

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi