Trends in Self-Reported Sleep Duration among US Adults from 1985 to 2012

Earl S Ford, Timothy J Cunningham, Janet B Croft, Earl S Ford, Timothy J Cunningham, Janet B Croft

Abstract

Study objective: The trend in sleep duration in the United States population remains uncertain. Our objective was to examine changes in sleep duration from 1985 to 2012 among US adults.

Design: Trend analysis.

Setting: Civilian noninstitutional population of the United States.

Participants: 324,242 US adults aged ≥ 18 y of the National Health Interview Survey (1985, 1990, and 2004-2012).

Measurements and results: Sleep duration was defined on the basis of the question "On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-h period?" The age-adjusted mean sleep duration was 7.40 h (standard error [SE] 0.01) in 1985, 7.29 h (SE 0.01) in 1990, 7.18 h (SE 0.01) in 2004, and 7.18 h (SE 0.01) in 2012 (P 2012 versus 1985 < 0.001; P trend 2004-2012 = 0.982). The age-adjusted percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 h was 22.3% (SE 0.3) in 1985, 24.4% (SE 0.3) in 1990, 28.6% (SE 0.3) in 2004, and 29.2% (SE 0.3) in 2012 (P 2012 versus 1985 < 0.001; P trend 2004-2012 = 0.050). In 2012, approximately 70.1 million US adults reported sleeping ≤ 6 h.

Conclusions: Since 1985, age-adjusted mean sleep duration has decreased slightly and the percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 h increased by 31%. Since 2004, however, mean sleep duration and the percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 h have changed little.

Keywords: health surveys; sleep; trends.

© 2015 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Temporal changes in sleep duration among US adults aged ≥ 18 y, National Health Interview Survey. (A) Shift in the detailed age-adjusted distributions of sleep duration. (B) Shift in the age-adjusted distributions of sleep duration using three categories. (C) The age-adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) for sleep ≤ 6 h in a 24-h period. (D) The age-adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) for sleep ≥ 9 h in a 24-h period.

References

    1. Bixler E. Sleep and society: an epidemiological perspective. Sleep Med. 2009;10:S3–6.
    1. Ferrie JE, Kumari M, Salo P, Singh-Manoux A, Kivimaki M. Sleep epidemiology--a rapidly growing field. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:1431–7.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Percentage of adults who reported an average of < 6 hours of sleep per 24-gour period, by sex and age group --- United States, 1985 and 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:933.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. QuickStats: percentage of adults aged > 18 tears who reported an average of < 6 hours of sleep† per 24-hour period, by sex and age group --- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 1985 and 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:209.
    1. Knutson KL, Van Cauter E, Rathouz PJ, DeLeire T, Lauderdale DS. Trends in the prevalence of short sleepers in the USA: 1975-2006. Sleep. 2010;33:37–45.
    1. Bin YS, Marshall NS, Glozier N. Sleeping at the limits: the changing prevalence of short and long sleep durations in 10 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177:826–33.
    1. Bin YS, Marshall NS, Glozier N. Secular trends in adult sleep duration: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16:223–30.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the National Health Interview Survey. [Accessed 26 June 2014]. .
    1. National Center for Health Statistics. Design and estimation for National Health Interview Survey, 1985-1994. Vital Health Stat. 1989;2:1–33.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Public Use Data Release. [Accessed 26 June 2014]. .
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Design and Estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2015. [Accessed 26 June 2014]. .
    1. Stamatakis KA, Kaplan GA, Roberts RE. Short sleep duration across income, education, and race/ethnic groups: population prevalence and growing disparities during 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:948–55.
    1. Gallicchio L, Kalesan B. Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2009;18:148–58.
    1. Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. 2010;33:585–92.
    1. Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:414–20.
    1. Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1484–92.
    1. Guo X, Zheng L, Wang J, et al. Epidemiological evidence for the link between sleep duration and high blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2013;14:324–32.
    1. Chen JC, Brunner RL, Ren H, et al. Sleep duration and risk of ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women. Stroke. 2008;39:3185–92.
    1. Patel SR, Ayas NT, Malhotra MR, et al. A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women. Sleep. 2004;27:440–4.
    1. Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms. J Sleep Res. 1999;8:175–83.
    1. Levine DW, Kripke DF, Kaplan RM, et al. Reliability and validity of the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale. Psychol Assess. 2003;15:137–48.
    1. Signal TL, Gale J, Gander PH. Sleep measurement in flight crew: comparing actigraphic and subjective estimates to polysomnography. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76:1058–63.
    1. Girschik J, Heyworth J, Fritschi L. Reliability of a sleep quality questionnaire for use in epidemiologic studies. J Epidemiol. 2012;22:244–50.
    1. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. How Much Sleep Is Enough? [Accessed 13 August 2013]. .
    1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serices. Sleep Health. [Accessed 26 June 2014]. .

Source: PubMed

Sponsor e collaboratori

Condizioni mediche

Interventi farmacologici

3
Sottoscrivi