Rapid Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Sensory Processing Through Activation of Neuromodulatory Systems

Charles Rodenkirch, Jason B Carmel, Qi Wang, Charles Rodenkirch, Jason B Carmel, Qi Wang

Abstract

After sensory information is encoded into neural signals at the periphery, it is processed through multiple brain regions before perception occurs (i.e., sensory processing). Recent work has begun to tease apart how neuromodulatory systems influence sensory processing. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is well-known as an effective and safe method of activating neuromodulatory systems. There is a growing body of studies confirming VNS has immediate effects on sensory processing across multiple sensory modalities. These immediate effects of VNS on sensory processing are distinct from the more well-documented method of inducing lasting neuroplastic changes to the sensory pathways through repeatedly delivering a brief VNS burst paired with a sensory stimulus. Immediate effects occur upon VNS onset, often disappear upon VNS offset, and the modulation is present for all sensory stimuli. Conversely, the neuroplastic effect of pairing sub-second bursts of VNS with a sensory stimulus alters sensory processing only after multiple pairing sessions, this alteration remains after cessation of pairing sessions, and the alteration selectively affects the response properties of neurons encoding the specific paired sensory stimulus. Here, we call attention to the immediate effects VNS has on sensory processing. This review discusses existing studies on this topic, provides an overview of the underlying neuromodulatory systems that likely play a role, and briefly explores the potential translational applications of using VNS to rapidly regulate sensory processing.

Keywords: cholinergic system; dopaminergic system; locus coereleus; neuromodulation; noradrenergic system; sensory processing; serotonergic system; vagus nerve stimulation.

Conflict of interest statement

All authors have financial interest in Sharper Sense, a company developing methods of enhancing sensory processing with VNS.

Copyright © 2022 Rodenkirch, Carmel and Wang.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Tonic VNS suppressed burst spiking of thalamocortical neurons and increased the selectivity of their response to the specific stimulus feature they encode, leading to a greater amount of sensory-related information transmitted. (A) VNS did not significantly alter firing rate of ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPm) neurons responding to white gaussian noise whisker (WGN) stimulation. (B) VNS reduced likelihood of VPm burst spikes, multiple successive spikes with a short inter-spike-intervals (∼4 ms or less) commonly occurring after an extended period of quiescence (∼100 ms) due to calcium t-channel current. (C,D) The amplitude of the specific kinetic feature(s) (i.e., whisker deflection) each VPm neuron was selective for was much larger when recovered during VNS, indicating VNS increased selectivity of response. (E) Enhanced feature selectivity of VPm neurons during VNS results in a significant increase in amount of the sensory-related information transmitted per spike. Adopted from Rodenkirch and Wang (2020).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Vagus nerve stimulation activates multiple global neuromodulatory systems that are known to influence sensory processing. BF, basal forebrain; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; LC, locus coeruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; NTS, nucleus tractus solitaries; PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus; VTA, ventral tegmental area.

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