Antitumor Activity of Nivolumab in Recurrent and Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An International, Multicenter Study of the Mayo Clinic Phase 2 Consortium (NCI-9742)

Abstract

Purpose This multinational study evaluated the antitumor activity of nivolumab in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Tumor and plasma-based biomarkers were investigated in an exploratory analysis. Patients and Methods Patients with multiply pretreated recurrent or metastatic NPC were treated with nivolumab until disease progression. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) and secondary end points included survival and toxicity. The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and human leukocyte antigens A and B in archived tumors and plasma clearance of Epstein-Barr virus DNA were correlated with ORR and survival. Results A total of 44 patients were evaluated and the overall ORR was 20.5% (complete response, n = 1; partial response, n = 8). Nine patients received nivolumab for > 12 months (20%). The 1-year overall survival rate was 59% (95% CI, 44.3% to 78.5%) and 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 19.3% (95% CI, 10.1% to 37.2%). There was no statistical correlation between ORR and the biomarkers; however, a descriptive analysis showed that the proportion of patients who responded was higher among those with PD-L1 positive tumors (> 1% expression) than those with PD-L1-negative tumors. The loss of expression of one or both human leukocyte antigen class 1 proteins was associated with better PFS than when both proteins were expressed (1-year PFS, 30.9% v 5.6%; log-rank P = .01). There was no association between survival and PD-L1 expression or plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA clearance. There was no unexpected toxicity to nivolumab. Conclusion Nivolumab has promising activity in NPC and the 1-year overall survival rate compares favorably with historic data in similar populations. Additional evaluation in a randomized setting is warranted. The biomarker results were hypothesis generating and validation in larger cohorts is needed.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02339558.

Figures

Fig 1.

Waterfall plot. Changes in sum of unidimensional tumor dimension from baseline and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors response in individual patients. Partial response was defined as a ≥ 30% decline in tumor dimension. Progressive disease was defined as a > 20% increase in tumor dimensions.

Fig 2.

Swimmer plot. Duration of response and time to response in patients receiving nivolumab. CR, complete response; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response.

Fig 3.

Progression-free survival curves of patients with tumors expressing both HLA-A and HLA-B (blue line), versus loss of HLA-A and/or HLA-B expression (gold line). HLA, human leukocyte antigen; NA, not achieved; PFS, progression-free survival.

Fig 4.

Spider plot of changes in the sum of unidimensional tumor measurements over time. The dotted blue line represents responders (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors); solid gold line represents nonresponders. CR, complete response; PR, partial response.

Fig A1.

Overall survival (OS) of 44 evaluable patients.

Fig A2.

Profession-free survival (PFS) of 44 evaluable patients.

Fig A3.

Descriptive summary on the proportion of patient with response (defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) to nivolumab according to the level of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor cells.