Can smartphones and tablets improve the management of childhood illness in Tanzania? A qualitative study from a primary health care worker's perspective

Amani Flexson Shao, Clotilde Rambaud-Althaus, Ndeniria Swai, Judith Kahama-Maro, Blaise Genton, Valerie D'Acremont, Constanze Pfeiffer, Amani Flexson Shao, Clotilde Rambaud-Althaus, Ndeniria Swai, Judith Kahama-Maro, Blaise Genton, Valerie D'Acremont, Constanze Pfeiffer

Abstract

Background: The impact of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy has been less than anticipated because of poor uptake. Electronic algorithms have the potential to improve quality of health care in children. However, feasibility studies about the use of electronic protocols on mobile devices over time are limited. This study investigated constraining as well as facilitating factors that influence the uptake of a new electronic Algorithm for Management of Childhood Illness (ALMANACH) among primary health workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods: A qualitative approach was applied using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with altogether 40 primary health care workers from 6 public primary health facilities in the three municipalities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Health worker's perceptions related to factors facilitating or constraining the uptake of the electronic ALMANACH were identified.

Results: In general, the ALMANACH was assessed positively. The majority of the respondents felt comfortable to use the devices and stated that patient's trust was not affected. Most health workers said that the ALMANACH simplified their work, reduced antibiotic prescription and gave correct classification and treatment for common causes of childhood illnesses. Few HWs reported technical challenges using the devices and complained about having had difficulties in typing. Majority of the respondents stated that the devices increased the consultation duration compared to routine practice. In addition, health system barriers such as lack of staff, lack of medicine and lack of financial motivation were identified as key reasons for the low uptake of the devices.

Conclusions: The ALMANACH built on electronic devices was perceived to be a powerful and useful tool. However, health system challenges influenced the uptake of the devices in the selected health facilities.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Timeline of the smartphone/tablet introduction and qualitative study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Number of clinical data for children managed by HWs sent to the web based server in smartphone and tablet arms per month.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Map of Dar es Salaam (including two selected health facilities in each district).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Health workers’ perceptions stratified per ALMANACH uptake level.

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