The 20-item prosopagnosia index (PI20): a self-report instrument for identifying developmental prosopagnosia

Punit Shah, Anne Gaule, Sophie Sowden, Geoffrey Bird, Richard Cook, Punit Shah, Anne Gaule, Sophie Sowden, Geoffrey Bird, Richard Cook

Abstract

Self-report plays a key role in the identification of developmental prosopagnosia (DP), providing complementary evidence to computer-based tests of face recognition ability, aiding interpretation of scores. However, the lack of standardized self-report instruments has contributed to heterogeneous reporting standards for self-report evidence in DP research. The lack of standardization prevents comparison across samples and limits investigation of the relationship between objective tests of face processing and self-report measures. To address these issues, this paper introduces the PI20; a 20-item self-report measure for quantifying prosopagnosic traits. The new instrument successfully distinguishes suspected prosopagnosics from typically developed adults. Strong correlations were also observed between PI20 scores and performance on objective tests of familiar and unfamiliar face recognition ability, confirming that people have the necessary insight into their own face recognition ability required by a self-report instrument. Importantly, PI20 scores did not correlate with recognition of non-face objects, indicating that the instrument measures face recognition, and not a general perceptual impairment. These results suggest that the PI20 can play a valuable role in identifying DP. A freely available self-report instrument will permit more effective description of self-report diagnostic evidence, thereby facilitating greater comparison of prosopagnosic samples, and more reliable classification.

Keywords: congenital prosopagnosia; developmental prosopagnosia; face blindness; face perception; questionnaire; self-report.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
(a) Mean PI20 totals observed for the suspected prosopagnosics and TD controls in Validation Study 1. Error bars represent ±1 s.d. The dashed line at 20 represents the minimum possible score. (b) Mean responses given by the suspected prosopagnosics and TD controls for each item.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(a) The simple correlation observed between PI20 scores and performance on the FFRT in Validation Study 3. (b) The simple correlation observed between PI20 scores and performance on the CFMT observed in Validation Study 4. (c) The simple correlation observed between PI20 scores and performance on the CCMT observed in Validation Study 5.

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