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Trunk and Lower Limb Muscle Contributions to ACL Loading During Single-Leg Landing

19. mai 2026 oppdatert av: Shazlin Shaharudin, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly occurred through non-contact mechanisms during dynamic tasks such as single-leg landing (SLL). Trunk control and lower limb muscle coordination were believed to play a critical role in modulating knee joint biomechanics and ACL loading; however, their individual muscle contributions remained poorly understood due to the difficulty of in-vivo ACL force measurement. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between core strength, lower limb muscle forces, knee joint biomechanics, and ACL loading during single-leg landing in collegiate athletes. Three-dimensional full-body kinematics, ground reaction forces, and electromyography data were collected and integrated into a musculoskeletal modelling framework to estimate ACL loading and individual muscle force contributions. Findings from this study were expected to provide biomechanical evidence to support targeted injury-prevention and rehabilitation strategies.

Studieoversikt

Status

Fullført

Forhold

Detaljert beskrivelse

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries often led to long-term consequences including early knee osteoarthritis, abnormal neuromuscular function, and reduced athletic participation. Approximately 70% of ACL injuries occurred via non-contact mechanisms, frequently during single-leg landing tasks. During such movements, ACL loading was influenced by joint kinematics, external forces, and neuromuscular coordination of both trunk and lower limb muscles. This study adopted a two-level approach. First, standard biomechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between functional core strength and knee joint biomechanics, including knee valgus angle and knee abduction moment during SLL. Second, a musculoskeletal modelling approach was employed to quantify the contribution of individual trunk and lower limb muscles to ACL loading.

Participants performed standardized single-leg landing tasks while wearing inertial motion sensors and surface electromyography electrodes. Ground reaction forces were recorded using a force platform. A full-body musculoskeletal model was scaled to participant anthropometry and used to estimate muscle forces and ACL loading during the landing phase. Statistical analyses included linear regression and linear mixed-effects modelling to examine relationships between muscle forces, knee biomechanics, and ACL loading.

Studietype

Observasjonsmessig

Registrering (Faktiske)

Kontakter og plasseringer

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Studiesteder

Malaysia
- Pulau Pinang
  - Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
    - School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Deltakelseskriterier

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Voksen

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Prøvetakingsmetode

Ikke-sannsynlighetsprøve

Studiepopulasjon

The study population consisted of forty collegiate male athletes aged 19 to 25 years who participated in sports involving frequent jumping and landing movements. All participants had a minimum of three years of competitive experience and trained at least twice per week. Individuals with a history of major lower limb or back injury requiring surgery, current musculoskeletal injury, or medical conditions limiting maximal physical effort were excluded. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

Male collegiate athletes aged 19-25 years
Minimum of 3 years of competitive experience in jump-landing sports (e.g., volleyball, basketball, netball)
Training frequency of at least twice per week
No history of back or lower limb injury

Exclusion Criteria:

History of major lower limb or back injury requiring surgery
Any medical condition preventing maximal physical effort
Current musculoskeletal pain or injury affecting movement performance

Studieplan

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Designdetaljer

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Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål	Tiltaksbeskrivelse	Tidsramme
Peak Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Force During Single-Leg Landing Tidsramme: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) force (Newtons, N) was estimated during the landing phase of a single-leg landing task using subject-specific musculoskeletal modelling. Three-dimensional whole-body kinematics (Xsens inertial motion capture), ground reaction forces (Bertec force platform), and surface electromyography (EMG) signals from trunk and lower limb muscles were integrated within a full-body musculoskeletal model to compute ACL loading. Peak ACL force was extracted from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Correlation Between Plank Endurance Time and Peak Knee Valgus Angle During Single-Leg Landing Tidsramme: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Pearson correlation between plank endurance time (seconds) and peak knee valgus angle (degrees) measured during single-leg landing using three-dimensional motion analysis (Xsens inertial motion capture).	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Knee Valgus Angle During Single-Leg Landing Tidsramme: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak knee valgus angle (degrees, °) was calculated from three-dimensional lower limb kinematic data collected using full-body inertial motion capture (Xsens). Knee joint angles were derived using inverse kinematics and analyzed from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion during the single-leg landing task.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Knee Abduction Moment During Single-Leg Landing Tidsramme: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak knee abduction moment (Newton-meters, Nm) was computed using inverse dynamics based on synchronized three-dimensional kinematic data (Xsens) and ground reaction force data (Bertec force platform). Peak values were identified during the landing phase from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Trunk and Lower Limb Muscle Forces During Single-Leg Landing Tidsramme: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak trunk and lower limb muscle forces (Newtons, N) were estimated using a full-body lumbar spine musculoskeletal model driven by experimental kinematics, ground reaction forces, and electromyography-informed muscle activation patterns. Muscle force outputs were analyzed during the landing phase of the single-leg landing task from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).

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Sponsor

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Studierekorddatoer

Disse datoene sporer fremdriften for innsending av studieposter og sammendragsresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter og rapporterte resultater gjennomgås av National Library of Medicine (NLM) for å sikre at de oppfyller spesifikke kvalitetskontrollstandarder før de legges ut på det offentlige nettstedet.

Studer hoveddatoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

12. juni 2024

Primær fullføring (Faktiske)

11. juli 2024

Studiet fullført (Faktiske)

11. juli 2024

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først innsendt

1. januar 2026

Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene

19. mai 2026

Først lagt ut (Faktiske)

27. mai 2026

Oppdateringer av studieposter

Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)