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Trunk and Lower Limb Muscle Contributions to ACL Loading During Single-Leg Landing

19 maj 2026 uppdaterad av: Shazlin Shaharudin, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly occurred through non-contact mechanisms during dynamic tasks such as single-leg landing (SLL). Trunk control and lower limb muscle coordination were believed to play a critical role in modulating knee joint biomechanics and ACL loading; however, their individual muscle contributions remained poorly understood due to the difficulty of in-vivo ACL force measurement. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between core strength, lower limb muscle forces, knee joint biomechanics, and ACL loading during single-leg landing in collegiate athletes. Three-dimensional full-body kinematics, ground reaction forces, and electromyography data were collected and integrated into a musculoskeletal modelling framework to estimate ACL loading and individual muscle force contributions. Findings from this study were expected to provide biomechanical evidence to support targeted injury-prevention and rehabilitation strategies.

Studieöversikt

Status

Avslutad

Betingelser

Detaljerad beskrivning

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries often led to long-term consequences including early knee osteoarthritis, abnormal neuromuscular function, and reduced athletic participation. Approximately 70% of ACL injuries occurred via non-contact mechanisms, frequently during single-leg landing tasks. During such movements, ACL loading was influenced by joint kinematics, external forces, and neuromuscular coordination of both trunk and lower limb muscles. This study adopted a two-level approach. First, standard biomechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between functional core strength and knee joint biomechanics, including knee valgus angle and knee abduction moment during SLL. Second, a musculoskeletal modelling approach was employed to quantify the contribution of individual trunk and lower limb muscles to ACL loading.

Participants performed standardized single-leg landing tasks while wearing inertial motion sensors and surface electromyography electrodes. Ground reaction forces were recorded using a force platform. A full-body musculoskeletal model was scaled to participant anthropometry and used to estimate muscle forces and ACL loading during the landing phase. Statistical analyses included linear regression and linear mixed-effects modelling to examine relationships between muscle forces, knee biomechanics, and ACL loading.

Studietyp

Observationell

Inskrivning (Faktisk)

Kontakter och platser

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Studieorter

Malaysia
- Pulau Pinang
  - Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
    - School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Deltagandekriterier

Forskare letar efter personer som passar en viss beskrivning, så kallade behörighetskriterier. Några exempel på dessa kriterier är en persons allmänna hälsotillstånd eller tidigare behandlingar.

Urvalskriterier

Åldrar som är berättigade till studier

Vuxen

Tar emot friska volontärer

Testmetod

Icke-sannolikhetsprov

Studera befolkning

The study population consisted of forty collegiate male athletes aged 19 to 25 years who participated in sports involving frequent jumping and landing movements. All participants had a minimum of three years of competitive experience and trained at least twice per week. Individuals with a history of major lower limb or back injury requiring surgery, current musculoskeletal injury, or medical conditions limiting maximal physical effort were excluded. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

Beskrivning

Inclusion Criteria:

Male collegiate athletes aged 19-25 years
Minimum of 3 years of competitive experience in jump-landing sports (e.g., volleyball, basketball, netball)
Training frequency of at least twice per week
No history of back or lower limb injury

Exclusion Criteria:

History of major lower limb or back injury requiring surgery
Any medical condition preventing maximal physical effort
Current musculoskeletal pain or injury affecting movement performance

Studieplan

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Designdetaljer

Vad mäter studien?

Primära resultatmått

Resultatmått	Åtgärdsbeskrivning	Tidsram
Peak Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Force During Single-Leg Landing Tidsram: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) force (Newtons, N) was estimated during the landing phase of a single-leg landing task using subject-specific musculoskeletal modelling. Three-dimensional whole-body kinematics (Xsens inertial motion capture), ground reaction forces (Bertec force platform), and surface electromyography (EMG) signals from trunk and lower limb muscles were integrated within a full-body musculoskeletal model to compute ACL loading. Peak ACL force was extracted from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Correlation Between Plank Endurance Time and Peak Knee Valgus Angle During Single-Leg Landing Tidsram: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Pearson correlation between plank endurance time (seconds) and peak knee valgus angle (degrees) measured during single-leg landing using three-dimensional motion analysis (Xsens inertial motion capture).	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Knee Valgus Angle During Single-Leg Landing Tidsram: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak knee valgus angle (degrees, °) was calculated from three-dimensional lower limb kinematic data collected using full-body inertial motion capture (Xsens). Knee joint angles were derived using inverse kinematics and analyzed from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion during the single-leg landing task.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Knee Abduction Moment During Single-Leg Landing Tidsram: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak knee abduction moment (Newton-meters, Nm) was computed using inverse dynamics based on synchronized three-dimensional kinematic data (Xsens) and ground reaction force data (Bertec force platform). Peak values were identified during the landing phase from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).
Trunk and Lower Limb Muscle Forces During Single-Leg Landing Tidsram: Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).	Peak trunk and lower limb muscle forces (Newtons, N) were estimated using a full-body lumbar spine musculoskeletal model driven by experimental kinematics, ground reaction forces, and electromyography-informed muscle activation patterns. Muscle force outputs were analyzed during the landing phase of the single-leg landing task from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion.	Assessed during a single laboratory testing session (up to 2 hours).

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Sponsor

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Studieavstämningsdatum

Dessa datum spårar framstegen för inlämningar av studieposter och sammanfattande resultat till ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter och rapporterade resultat granskas av National Library of Medicine (NLM) för att säkerställa att de uppfyller specifika kvalitetskontrollstandarder innan de publiceras på den offentliga webbplatsen.

Studera stora datum

Studiestart (Faktisk)

12 juni 2024

Primärt slutförande (Faktisk)

11 juli 2024

Avslutad studie (Faktisk)

11 juli 2024

Studieregistreringsdatum

Först inskickad

1 januari 2026

Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

19 maj 2026

Första postat (Faktisk)

27 maj 2026

Uppdateringar av studier

Senaste uppdatering publicerad (Faktisk)