Geographical variation in diabetes prevalence and detection in china: multilevel spatial analysis of 98,058 adults

Maigeng Zhou, Thomas Astell-Burt, Yufang Bi, Xiaoqi Feng, Yong Jiang, Yichong Li, Andrew Page, Limin Wang, Yu Xu, Linhong Wang, Wenhua Zhao, Guang Ning, Maigeng Zhou, Thomas Astell-Burt, Yufang Bi, Xiaoqi Feng, Yong Jiang, Yichong Li, Andrew Page, Limin Wang, Yu Xu, Linhong Wang, Wenhua Zhao, Guang Ning

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the geographic variation in diabetes prevalence and detection in China.

Research design and methods: Self-report and biomedical data were collected from 98,058 adults aged ≥18 years (90.5% response) from 162 areas spanning mainland China. Diabetes status was assessed using American Diabetes Association criteria. Among those with diabetes, detection was defined by prior diagnosis. Choropleth maps were used to visually assess geographical variation in each outcome at the provincial level. The odds of each outcome were assessed using multilevel logistic regression, with adjustment for person- and area-level characteristics.

Results: Geographic visualization at the provincial level indicated widespread variation in diabetes prevalence and detection across China. Regional prevalence adjusted for age, sex, and urban/rural socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) ranged from 8.3% (95% CI 7.2%, 9.7%) in the northeast to 12.7% (11.1%, 14.6%) in the north. A clear negative gradient in diabetes prevalence was observed from 13.1% (12.0%, 14.4%) in the urban high-SEC to 8.7% (7.8%, 9.6%) in rural low-SEC counties/districts. Adjusting for health literacy and other person-level characteristics only partially attenuated these geographic variations. Only one-third of participants living with diabetes had been previously diagnosed, but this also varied substantively by geography. Regional detection adjusted for age, sex, and urban/rural SEC, for example, spanned from 40.4% (34.9%, 46.3%) in the north to 15.6% (11.7%, 20.5%) in the southwest. Compared with detection of 40.8% (37.3%, 44.4%) in urban high-SEC counties, detection was poorest among rural low-SEC counties at just 20.5% (17.7%, 23.7%). Person-level characteristics did not fully account for these geographic variations in diabetes detection.

Conclusions: Strategies for addressing diabetes risk and improving detection require geographical targeting.

© 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Choropleth maps of diabetes prevalence (A) and detection (B) across Chinese provinces by DSPs. Quintiles were used to define map strata. Map coverage corresponds to DSPs only. Red indicates less favorable SECs.

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Source: PubMed

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