Maintaining Gait Performance by Cortical Activation during Dual-Task Interference: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Chia-Feng Lu, Yan-Ci Liu, Yea-Ru Yang, Yu-Te Wu, Ray-Yau Wang, Chia-Feng Lu, Yan-Ci Liu, Yea-Ru Yang, Yu-Te Wu, Ray-Yau Wang

Abstract

In daily life, mobility requires walking while performing a cognitive or upper-extremity motor task. Although previous studies have evaluated the effects of dual tasks on gait performance, few studies have evaluated cortical activation and its association with gait disturbance during dual tasks. In this study, we simultaneously assessed gait performance and cerebral oxygenation in the bilateral prefrontal cortices (PFC), premotor cortices (PMC), and supplemental motor areas (SMA), using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, in 17 young adults performing dual tasks. Each participant was evaluated while performing normal-pace walking (NW), walking while performing a cognitive task (WCT), and walking while performing a motor task (WMT). Our results indicated that the left PFC exhibited the strongest and most sustained activation during WCT, and that NW and WMT were associated with minor increases in oxygenation levels during their initial phases. We observed increased activation in channels in the SMA and PMC during WCT and WMT. Gait data indicated that WCT and WMT both caused reductions in walking speed, but these reductions resulted from differing alterations in gait properties. WCT was associated with significant changes in cadence, stride time, and stride length, whereas WMT was associated with reductions in stride length only. During dual-task activities, increased activation of the PMC and SMA correlated with declines in gait performance, indicating a control mechanism for maintaining gait performance during dual tasks. Thus, the regulatory effects of cortical activation on gait behavior enable a second task to be performed while walking.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. The locations of fNIRS channels…
Fig 1. The locations of fNIRS channels and the experimental environment.
(a) The arrangement of source-detector locations based on the international 10–5 system. Red circles stand for the source locations and green circles for the detector locations. Each pair of source and detector with distance of 3.0 cm can form an effective channel (presented by the black bold line between optodes and numbered by black digits), resulting in totally 14 channels distributed over bilateral PFC (Channels 1 and 2), left PMC (Channels 3 to 6), bilateral SMA (Channels 7 to 10), and right PMC (Channels 11 to 14); (b) The setup of fNIRS optodes (8 sources and 8 detectors) on a participant’s head; (c) A demonstration of the experimental environment. The participant wears a backpack with the fNIRS control box and a connected laptop for data acquisition inside (approximately 1 kg) and walks on a sensor-embedded walkway.
Fig 2. The averaged dynamics of HbO…
Fig 2. The averaged dynamics of HbO (red curves), HbR concentrations (blue curves), and Hbdiff level (green curves) at the left PFC (Channel 1) during (a) WMT and (b) WCT.
The horizontal solid lines depict the concentration level of zero, and the vertical solid lines label the time of zero for the task onset. The early and late phases are defined as the periods of 5 to 20 s and 21 to 50 s after the task onset, respectively. The error bars represent the corresponding standard errors of mean.
Fig 3. The statistical results in brain…
Fig 3. The statistical results in brain activation during (a) NW, (b) WCT, and (c) WMT, respectively.
The t values of significant activations with FDR correction for the multiple comparison in early or late phase are color-coded under the axis for each channel. The averaged dynamics of HbO (red curves), HbR concentrations (blue curves), and Hbdiff level (green curves) are also displayed at each channel. The horizontal solid lines depict the concentration level of zero, and the vertical solid lines label the time of zero for the task onset.
Fig 4. The statistical results in difference…
Fig 4. The statistical results in difference of brain activation for the three comparisons of (a) WCT vs. NW, (b) WMT vs. NW, and (c) WCT vs. WMT.
The t values of significant differences with FDR correction for the multiple comparison in early or late phase are color-coded under the axis for each channel. The averaged dynamics of Hbdiff level for different tasks (green for NW, red for WCT, and blue for WMT) are also displayed at each channel. The horizontal solid lines depict the concentration level of zero, and the vertical solid lines label the time of zero for the task onset.

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