A clinical review of inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane: from early research to emerging topics

Jorge D Brioni, Shane Varughese, Raza Ahmed, Berthold Bein, Jorge D Brioni, Shane Varughese, Raza Ahmed, Berthold Bein

Abstract

A large number of studies during the past two decades have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of sevoflurane across patient populations. Clinical researchers have also investigated the effects of sevoflurane, its hemodynamic characteristics, its potential protective effects on several organ systems, and the incidence of delirium and cognitive deficiency. This review examines the clinical profiles of sevoflurane and other anesthetic agents, and focuses upon emerging topics such as organ protection, postoperative cognitive deficiency and delirium, and novel ways to improve postanesthesia outcomes.

Keywords: Cardiac protection; Delirium; Emergence; Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; Volatile anesthetic.

Conflict of interest statement

Prof. Dr. Berthold Bein has received unrestricted research grants, honoraria for lectures, and consulting fees from AbbVie Germany, the manufacturer of sevoflurane; honoraria for lectures from Baxter Healthcare, the manufacturer of desflurane; and honoraria for lectures from GlaxoSmithKline, the manufacturer of propofol. Jorge Brioni, Ph.D., Shane Varughese, M.D., and Raza Ahmed, M.D. are employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock or options. AbbVie participated in the writing, reviewing, and approval of this publication. No payments were made to the authors for the development of this manuscript, and all authors approved the final version.

References

    1. Choi ES, Shin JY, Oh AY, Park HP, Hwang JW, Lim YJ, Jeon YT. Sevoflurane versus propofol for interventional neuroradiology: a comparison of the maintenance and recovery profiles at comparable depths of anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2014;66(4):290–294. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2014.66.4.290.
    1. Jindal R, Kumra VP, Narani KK, Sood J. Comparison of maintenance and emergence characteristics after desflurane or sevoflurane in outpatient anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth. 2011;55(1):36–42. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.76604.
    1. De Hert S, Moerman A. Sevoflurane. F1000Res. 2015;4:626.
    1. Beck-Schimmer B, Breitenstein S, Bonvini JM, Lesurtel M, Ganter M, Weber A, Puhan MA, Clavien PA. Protection of pharmacological postconditioning in liver surgery: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2012;256(5):837–44 (discussion 44–5).
    1. Lorsomradee S, Cromheecke S, Lorsomradee S, De Hert SG. Effects of sevoflurane on biomechanical markers of hepatic and renal dysfunction after coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20(5):684–690. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2006.02.035.
    1. Chandler JR, Myers D, Mehta D, Whyte E, Groberman MK, Montgomery CJ, Ansermino JM. Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(4):309–315. doi: 10.1111/pan.12090.
    1. Chen G, Zhou Y, Shi Q, Zhou H. Comparison of early recovery and cognitive function after desflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia in elderly patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res. 2015;43(5):619–628. doi: 10.1177/0300060515591064.
    1. Goswami U, Babbar S, Tiwari S. Comparative evaluation of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on cognitive function and memory in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised prospective study. Indian J Anaesth. 2015;59(3):150–155. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.153036.
    1. Jindal P, Khurana G, Oberoi D, Sharma JP. Recovery profile and emergence delirium following sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in children posted for cleft lip surgery. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2012;21(5):679–684.
    1. Parida S, Badhe AS. Comparison of cognitive, ambulatory, and psychomotor recovery profiles after day care anesthesia with propofol and sevoflurane. J Anesth. 2014;28(6):833–838. doi: 10.1007/s00540-014-1827-5.
    1. Rortgen D, Kloos J, Fries M, Grottke O, Rex S, Rossaint R, Coburn M. Comparison of early cognitive function and recovery after desflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia in the elderly: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(2):167–174. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep369.
    1. Tachibana S, Hayase T, Osuda M, Kazuma S, Yamakage M. Recovery of postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients after a long duration of desflurane anesthesia: a pilot study. J Anesth. 2015;29:627–630. doi: 10.1007/s00540-015-1979-y.
    1. TerRiet MF, DeSouza GJ, Jacobs JS, Young D, Lewis MC, Herrington C, Gold MI. Which is most pungent: isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane? Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(2):305–307. doi: 10.1093/bja/85.2.305.
    1. Thwaites A, Edmends S, Smith I. Inhalation induction with sevoflurane: a double-blind comparison with propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(4):356–361. doi: 10.1093/bja/78.4.356.
    1. Hall JE, Stewart JI, Harmer M. Single-breath inhalation induction of sevoflurane anaesthesia with and without nitrous oxide: a feasibility study in adults and comparison with an intravenous bolus of propofol. Anaesthesia. 1997;52(5):410–415. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.091-az0086.x.
    1. Joo HS, Perks WJ. Sevoflurane versus propofol for anesthetic induction: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(1):213–219.
    1. Campbell C, Andreen M, Battito MF, Camporesi EM, Goldberg ME, Grounds RM, Hobbhahn J, Lumb P, Murray JM, Solanki DR, Heard SO, Coriat P. A phase III, multicenter, open-label, randomized, comparative study evaluating the effect of sevoflurane versus isoflurane on the maintenance of anesthesia in adult ASA class I, II, and III inpatients. J Clin Anesth. 1996;8(7):557–563. doi: 10.1016/S0952-8180(96)00132-8.
    1. La Colla L, Albertin A, La Colla G, Mangano A. Faster wash-out and recovery for desflurane vs sevoflurane in morbidly obese patients when no premedication is used. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(3):353–358. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem197.
    1. Saros GB, Doolke A, Anderson RE, Jakobsson JG. Desflurane vs. sevoflurane as the main inhaled anaesthetic for spontaneous breathing via a laryngeal mask for varicose vein day surgery: a prospective randomized study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50(5):549–552. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.001022.x.
    1. White PF, Tang J, Wender RH, Yumul R, Stokes OJ, Sloninsky A, Naruse R, Kariger R, Norel E, Mandel S, Webb T, Zaentz A. Desflurane versus sevoflurane for maintenance of outpatient anesthesia: the effect on early versus late recovery and perioperative coughing. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(2):387–393. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181adc21a.
    1. Yasuda N, Targ AG, Eger EI., 2nd Solubility of I-653, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in human tissues. Anesth Analg. 1989;69(3):370–373. doi: 10.1213/00000539-198909000-00016.
    1. Arain SR, Barth CD, Shankar H, Ebert TJ. Choice of volatile anesthetic for the morbidly obese patient: sevoflurane or desflurane. J Clin Anesth. 2005;17(6):413–419. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2004.12.015.
    1. Strum EM, Szenohradszki J, Kaufman WA, Anthone GJ, Manz IL, Lumb PD. Emergence and recovery characteristics of desflurane versus sevoflurane in morbidly obese adult surgical patients: a prospective, randomized study. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(6):1848–53 (table of contents).
    1. Bilotta F, Doronzio A, Cuzzone V, Caramia R, Rosa G. Early postoperative cognitive recovery and gas exchange patterns after balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane in overweight and obese patients undergoing craniotomy: a prospective randomized trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2009;21(3):207–213. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3181a19c52.
    1. McKay RE, Malhotra A, Cakmakkaya OS, Hall KT, McKay WR, Apfel CC. Effect of increased body mass index and anaesthetic duration on recovery of protective airway reflexes after sevoflurane vs desflurane. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(2):175–182. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep374.
    1. Vallejo MC, Sah N, Phelps AL, O’Donnell J, Romeo RC. Desflurane versus sevoflurane for laparoscopic gastroplasty in morbidly obese patients. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19(1):3–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2006.04.003.
    1. Ghoneim AA, Azer MS, Ghobrial HZ, El Beltagy MA. Awakening properties of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane in pediatric patients after craniotomy for supratentorial tumours. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2015;27(1):1–6. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000058.
    1. Isik Y, Goksu S, Kocoglu H, Oner U. Low flow desflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23(1):60–64. doi: 10.1017/S026502150500178X.
    1. Kim JM, Lee JH, Lee HJ, Koo BN. Comparison of emergence time in children undergoing minor surgery according to anesthetic: desflurane and sevoflurane. Yonsei Med J. 2013;54(3):732–738. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.3.732.
    1. Welborn LG, Hannallah RS, Norden JM, Ruttimann UE, Callan CM. Comparison of emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane in pediatric ambulatory patients. Anesth Analg. 1996;83(5):917–920. doi: 10.1213/00000539-199611000-00005.
    1. Singh D, Rath GP, Dash HH, Bithal PK. Sevoflurane provides better recovery as compared with isoflurane in children undergoing spinal surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2009;21(3):202–206. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e31819f1ce0.
    1. Konig MW, Varughese AM, Brennen KA, Barclay S, Shackleford TM, Samuels PJ, Gorman K, Ellis J, Wang Y, Nick TG. Quality of recovery from two types of general anesthesia for ambulatory dental surgery in children: a double-blind, randomized trial. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19(8):748–755. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03054.x.
    1. Lopez Gil ML, Brimacombe J, Clar B. Sevoflurane versus propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with the laryngeal mask airway in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 1999;9(6):485–490. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1999.00404.x.
    1. Olsson GL. Inhalational anaesthesia at the extremes of age: paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1995;50(Suppl):34–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb06188.x.
    1. Viitanen H, Tarkkila P, Mennander S, Viitanen M, Annila P. Sevoflurane-maintained anesthesia induced with propofol or sevoflurane in small children: induction and recovery characteristics. Can J Anaesth. 1999;46(1):21–28. doi: 10.1007/BF03012509.
    1. Paris ST, Cafferkey M, Tarling M, Hancock P, Yate PM, Flynn PJ. Comparison of sevoflurane and halothane for outpatient dental anaesthesia in children. Br J Anaesth. 1997;79(3):280–284. doi: 10.1093/bja/79.3.280.
    1. Sarner JB, Levine M, Davis PJ, Lerman J, Cook DR, Motoyama EK. Clinical characteristics of sevoflurane in children. A comparison with halothane. Anesthesiology. 1995;82(1):38–46. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199501000-00006.
    1. Nakajima R, Nakajima Y, Ikeda K. Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in elderly patients. Br J Anaesth. 1993;70(3):273–275. doi: 10.1093/bja/70.3.273.
    1. Patel SS, Goa KL. Sevoflurane. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and its clinical use in general anaesthesia. Drugs. 1996;51(4):658–700. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199651040-00009.
    1. Yamaguchi S, Ikeda T, Wake K, Okuda Y, Kitajima T. A sevoflurane induction of anesthesia with gradual reduction of concentration is well tolerated in elderly patients. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50(1):26–31. doi: 10.1007/BF03020182.
    1. Peduto VA, Peli S, Amicucci G, Giardina B, Pelaia P, Pasetto A, Occella P, Gravame V, Casati A. Maintenance of and recovery from anaesthesia in elderly patients. A clinical comparison between sevoflurane and isoflurane. Minerva Anestesiol. 1998;64(9 Suppl 3):18–25.
    1. Heavner JE, Kaye AD, Lin BK, King T. Recovery of elderly patients from two or more hours of desflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(4):502–506. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg221.
    1. Pakpirom J, Kraithep J, Pattaravit N. Length of postanesthetic care unit stay in elderly patients after general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial comparing desflurane and sevoflurane. J Clin Anesth. 2016;32:294–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2015.08.016.
    1. Chen X, Zhao M, White PF, Li S, Tang J, Wender RH, Sloninsky A, Naruse R, Kariger R, Webb T, Norel E. The recovery of cognitive function after general anesthesia in elderly patients: a comparison of desflurane and sevoflurane. Anesth Analg. 2001;93(6):1489–94 (table of contents).
    1. Nishikawa K, Nakayama M, Omote K, Namiki A. Recovery characteristics and post-operative delirium after long-duration laparoscope-assisted surgery in elderly patients: propofol-based vs. sevoflurane-based anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(2):162–168. doi: 10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00264.x.
    1. Tang N, Ou C, Liu Y, Zuo Y, Bai Y. Effect of inhalational anaesthetic on postoperative cognitive dysfunction following radical rectal resection in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Int Med Res. 2014;42(6):1252–1261. doi: 10.1177/0300060514549781.
    1. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, Goepfert C, Papenfuss T, Rauch S, Heineck R, Greim CA, Roewer N. Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(5):659–668. doi: 10.1093/bja/88.5.659.
    1. Apfel CC, Stoecklein K, Lipfert P. PONV: a problem of inhalational anaesthesia? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005;19(3):485–500. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.03.001.
    1. Schaefer MS, Kranke P, Weibel S, Kreysing R, Kienbaum P. Total intravenous anaesthesia versus single-drug pharmacological antiemetic prophylaxis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016;33(10):750–760. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000520.
    1. Abolkhair A, Seefelder C. Malignant hyperthermia resolving with discontinuation of sevoflurane alone. Saudi J Anaesth. 2011;5(2):229–232. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.82816.
    1. Pilge S, Jordan D, Kochs EF, Schneider G. Sevoflurane-induced epileptiform electroencephalographic activity and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a volunteer study. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(2):447. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827335b9.
    1. Yli-Hankala A, Vakkuri A, Sarkela M, Lindgren L, Korttila K, Jantti V. Epileptiform electroencephalogram during mask induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(6):1596–1603. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199912000-00009.
    1. Singhal S, Gray T, Guzman G, Verma A, Anand K. Sevoflurane hepatotoxicity: a case report of sevoflurane hepatic necrosis and review of the literature. Am J Ther. 2010;17(2):219–222. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e318197eacb.
    1. Jenkins K, Grady D, Wong J, Correa R, Armanious S, Chung F. Post-operative recovery: day surgery patients’ preferences. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86(2):272–274. doi: 10.1093/bja/86.2.272.
    1. Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, Bulger T, Stowell K. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:93. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1.
    1. Perouansky M, Pearce R, Hemmings HJ. Chapter 25—Inhaled anesthetics: mechanisms of action. In: Miller RDCN, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Young WL, editors. Anesthesia. 8. New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2014.
    1. Ciofolo MJ, Reiz S. Circulatory effects of volatile anesthetic agents. Minerva Anestesiol. 1999;65(5):232–238.
    1. Slogoff S, Keats AS. Myocardial ischemia revisited. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(1):214–216. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200607000-00032.
    1. Walsh M, Devereaux PJ, Garg AX, Kurz A, Turan A, Rodseth RN, Cywinski J, Thabane L, Sessler DI. Relationship between intraoperative mean arterial pressure and clinical outcomes after noncardiac surgery: toward an empirical definition of hypotension. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(3):507–515. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182a10e26.
    1. Nishiyama T. Hemodynamic and catecholamine response to a rapid increase in isoflurane or sevoflurane concentration during a maintenance phase of anesthesia in humans. J Anesth. 2005;19(3):213–217. doi: 10.1007/s00540-005-0318-0.
    1. Cromheecke S, ten Broecke PW, Hendrickx E, Meeus R, De Hert SG. Incidence of atrial fibrillation early after cardiac surgery: can choice of the anesthetic regimen influence the incidence? Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2005;56(2):147–154.
    1. Hemmerling TM, Minardi C, Zaouter C, Noiseux N, Prieto I. Sevoflurane causes less arrhythmias than desflurane after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a pilot study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2010;13(2):116–122. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.62938.
    1. Harkin CP, Pagel PS, Kersten JR, Hettrick DA, Warltier DC. Direct negative inotropic and lusitropic effects of sevoflurane. Anesthesiology. 1994;81(1):156–167. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199407000-00022.
    1. Malan TP, Jr, DiNardo JA, Isner RJ, Frink EJ, Jr, Goldberg M, Fenster PE, Brown EA, Depa R, Hammond LC, Mata H. Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane compared with those of isoflurane in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1995;83(5):918–928. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199511000-00004.
    1. Young CJ, Apfelbaum JL. Inhalational anesthetics: desflurane and sevoflurane. J Clin Anesth. 1995;7(7):564–577. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(95)00129-8.
    1. Smith I, Nathanson M, White PF. Sevoflurane—a long-awaited volatile anaesthetic. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(3):435–445. doi: 10.1093/bja/76.3.435.
    1. Hirano M, Fujigaki T, Shibata O, Sumikawa K. A comparison of coronary hemodynamics during isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(4):651–656.
    1. Gupta S, Heath K, Matta BF. Effect of incremental doses of sevoflurane on cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans. Br J Anaesth. 1997;79(4):469–472. doi: 10.1093/bja/79.4.469.
    1. Summors AC, Gupta AK, Matta BF. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation during sevoflurane anesthesia: a comparison with isoflurane. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(2):341–345.
    1. Goettel N, Patet C, Rossi A, Burkhart CS, Czosnyka M, Strebel SP, Steiner LA. Monitoring of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in adults undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia: a prospective cohort study of two age groups. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016;30:255–264. doi: 10.1007/s10877-015-9754-z.
    1. Conti A, Iacopino DG, Fodale V, Micalizzi S, Penna O, Santamaria LB. Cerebral haemodynamic changes during propofol-remifentanil or sevoflurane anaesthesia: transcranial Doppler study under bispectral index monitoring. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97(3):333–339. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael169.
    1. Reinsfelt B, Westerlind A, Ricksten SE. The effects of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow autoregulation and flow-metabolism coupling during cardiopulmonary bypass. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(1):118–123. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02324.x.
    1. Kersten JR, Schmeling TJ, Pagel PS, Gross GJ, Warltier DC. Isoflurane mimics ischemic preconditioning via activation of K(ATP) channels: reduction of myocardial infarct size with an acute memory phase. Anesthesiology. 1997;87(2):361–370. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199708000-00024.
    1. Preckel B, Schlack W, Comfere T, Obal D, Barthel H, Thamer V. Effects of enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on reperfusion injury after regional myocardial ischaemia in the rabbit heart in vivo. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81(6):905–912. doi: 10.1093/bja/81.6.905.
    1. Belhomme D, Peynet J, Louzy M, Launay JM, Kitakaze M, Menasche P. Evidence for preconditioning by isoflurane in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1999;100(19 Suppl):II340–II344.
    1. Penta de Peppo A, Polisca P, Tomai F, De Paulis R, Turani F, Zupancich E, Sommariva L, Pasqualetti P, Chiariello L. Recovery of LV contractility in man is enhanced by preischemic administration of enflurane. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(1):112–118. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00466-X.
    1. Frassdorf J, De Hert S, Schlack W. Anaesthesia and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(1):89–98. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep141.
    1. Lucchinetti E, Ambrosio S, Aguirre J, Herrmann P, Harter L, Keel M, Meier T, Zaugg M. Sevoflurane inhalation at sedative concentrations provides endothelial protection against ischemia–reperfusion injury in humans. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(2):262–268. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200702000-00013.
    1. Yu QB, Li HM, Li LL, Wang SY, Wu YB. Sevoflurane downregulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14(4):19016–19027. doi: 10.4238/2015.December.29.9.
    1. De Hert SG, Van der Linden PJ, Cromheecke S, Meeus R, ten Broecke PW, De Blier IG, Stockman BA, Rodrigus IE. Choice of primary anesthetic regimen can influence intensive care unit length of stay after coronary surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(1):9–20. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200407000-00005.
    1. De Hert SG, Van der Linden PJ, Cromheecke S, Meeus R, Nelis A, Van Reeth V, ten Broecke PW, De Blier IG, Stockman BA, Rodrigus IE. Cardioprotective properties of sevoflurane in patients undergoing coronary surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are related to the modalities of its administration. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(2):299–310. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200408000-00009.
    1. Cromheecke S, Pepermans V, Hendrickx E, Lorsomradee S, Ten Broecke PW, Stockman BA, Rodrigus IE, De Hert SG. Cardioprotective properties of sevoflurane in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2006;103(2):289–96 (table of contents).
    1. Lu Y, Wang L, Liu N, Dong T, Li R. Sevoflurane preconditioning in on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anesth. 2016;30(6):977–986. doi: 10.1007/s00540-016-2226-x.
    1. De Hert S, Vlasselaers D, Barbe R, Ory JP, Dekegel D, Donnadonni R, Demeere JL, Mulier J, Wouters P. A comparison of volatile and non volatile agents for cardioprotection during on-pump coronary surgery. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(9):953–960. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06008.x.
    1. Garcia C, Julier K, Bestmann L, Zollinger A, von Segesser LK, Pasch T, Spahn DR, Zaugg M. Preconditioning with sevoflurane decreases PECAM-1 expression and improves one-year cardiovascular outcome in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94(2):159–165. doi: 10.1093/bja/aei026.
    1. Bignami E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Landoni G, Fochi O, Testa V, Sheiban I, Giunta F, Zangrillo A. Volatile anesthetics reduce mortality in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23(5):594–599. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.01.022.
    1. Jakobsen CJ, Berg H, Hindsholm KB, Faddy N, Sloth E. The influence of propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia on outcome in 10,535 cardiac surgical procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21(5):664–671. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.03.002.
    1. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG, Cigarroa JE, Disesa VJ, Hiratzka LF, Hutter AM, Jr, Jessen ME, Keeley EC, Lahey SJ, Lange RA, London MJ, Mack MJ, Patel MR, Puskas JD, Sabik JF, Selnes O, Shahian DM, Trost JC, Winniford MD. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(23):2610–2642. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823b5fee.
    1. Piriou V, Mantz J, Goldfarb G, Kitakaze M, Chiari P, Paquin S, Cornu C, Lecharny JB, Aussage P, Vicaut E, Pons A, Lehot JJ. Sevoflurane preconditioning at 1 MAC only provides limited protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized bi-centre trial. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(5):624–631. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem264.
    1. Landoni G, Guarracino F, Cariello C, Franco A, Baldassarri R, Borghi G, Covello RD, Gerli C, Crivellari M, Zangrillo A. Volatile compared with total intravenous anaesthesia in patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery: a randomized multicentre study. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(6):955–963. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu290.
    1. Lindholm EE, Aune E, Noren CB, Seljeflot I, Hayes T, Otterstad JE, Kirkeboen KA. The anesthesia in abdominal aortic surgery (ABSENT) study: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing troponin T release with fentanyl-sevoflurane and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in major vascular surgery. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(4):802–812. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829bd883.
    1. Lurati Buse GA, Schumacher P, Seeberger E, Studer W, Schuman RM, Fassl J, Kasper J, Filipovic M, Bolliger D, Seeberger MD. Randomized comparison of sevoflurane versus propofol to reduce perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2012;126(23):2696–2704. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.126144.
    1. Zangrillo A, Testa V, Aldrovandi V, Tuoro A, Casiraghi G, Cavenago F, Messina M, Bignami E, Landoni G. Volatile agents for cardiac protection in noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25(6):902–907. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.06.016.
    1. Li F, Yuan Y. Meta-analysis of the cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane versus propofol during cardiac surgery. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:128. doi: 10.1186/s12871-015-0107-8.
    1. Fukuda S, Warner DS. Cerebral protection. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(1):10–17. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem140.
    1. Kawaguchi M, Furuya H, Patel PM. Neuroprotective effects of anesthetic agents. J Anesth. 2005;19(2):150–156. doi: 10.1007/s00540-005-0305-5.
    1. Kudo M, Aono M, Lee Y, Massey G, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Effects of volatile anesthetics on N-methyl-D-aspartate excitotoxicity in primary rat neuronal-glial cultures. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(3):756–65.
    1. Kimbro JR, Kelly PJ, Drummond JC, Cole DJ, Patel PM. Isoflurane and pentobarbital reduce AMPA toxicity in vivo in the rat cerebral cortex. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(3):806–812. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200003000-00024.
    1. Harada H, Kelly PJ, Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Patel PM. Isoflurane reduces N-methyl-d-aspartate toxicity in vivo in the rat cerebral cortex. Anesth Analg. 1999;89(6):1442–1447.
    1. Patel PM, Drummond JC, Cole DJ, Kelly PJ, Watson M. Isoflurane and pentobarbital reduce the frequency of transient ischemic depolarizations during focal ischemia in rats. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(4):773–780. doi: 10.1213/00000539-199804000-00018.
    1. Soonthon-Brant V, Patel PM, Drummond JC, Cole DJ, Kelly PJ, Watson M. Fentanyl does not increase brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(1):49–55.
    1. Baughman VL, Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF, Thomas C. Neurologic outcome in rats following incomplete cerebral ischemia during halothane, isoflurane, or N2O. Anesthesiology. 1988;69(2):192–8.
    1. Homi HM, Mixco JM, Sheng H, Grocott HP, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Severe hypotension is not essential for isoflurane neuroprotection against forebrain ischemia in mice. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(5):1145–1151. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200311000-00022.
    1. Payne RS, Akca O, Roewer N, Schurr A, Kehl F. Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats. Brain Res. 2005;1034(1–2):147–152. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.006.
    1. Wang H, Shi H, Yu Q, Chen J, Zhang F, Gao Y. Sevoflurane preconditioning confers neuroprotection via anti-apoptosis effects. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2016;121:55–61. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_10.
    1. Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, Olney JW, Wozniak DF. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci. 2003;23(3):876–882.
    1. Shih J, May LD, Gonzalez HE, Lee EW, Alvi RS, Sall JW, Rau V, Bickler PE, Lalchandani GR, Yusupova M, Woodward E, Kang H, Wilk AJ, Carlston CM, Mendoza MV, Guggenheim JN, Schaefer M, Rowe AM, Stratmann G. Delayed environmental enrichment reverses sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in rats. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(3):586–602. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318247564d.
    1. Durieux M, Davis PJ. The safety of key inhaled and intravenous drugs in pediatrics (SAFEKIDS): an update. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(5):1265–1267. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d5a656.
    1. Perouansky M, Hemmings HC., Jr Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics: cause for concern? Anesthesiology. 2009;111(6):1365–1371. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181bf1d61.
    1. Kitano H, Kirsch JR, Hurn PD, Murphy SJ. Inhalational anesthetics as neuroprotectants or chemical preconditioning agents in ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(6):1108–1128. doi: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600410.
    1. Rasmussen L, Stygall J, Newman P. Cognitive dysfunction and other long-term complications of surgery and anesthesia. In: Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher L, Wiener-Kronish JP, Young WL, editors. Miller’s anesthesia. 7. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2009. pp. 2805–2819.
    1. Monk TG, Price CC. Postoperative cognitive disorders. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17(4):376–381. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328348bece.
    1. Androsova G, Krause R, Winterer G, Schneider R. Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:112. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00112.
    1. Newman MF, Mathew JP, Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Monk T, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Blumenthal JA, Laskowitz DT, Mark DB. Central nervous system injury associated with cardiac surgery. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):694–703. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69254-4.
    1. Bedford PD. Adverse cerebral effects of anaesthesia on old people. Lancet. 1955;269(6884):259–263. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(55)92689-1.
    1. Ancelin ML, de Roquefeuil G, Ledesert B, Bonnel F, Cheminal JC, Ritchie K. Exposure to anaesthetic agents, cognitive functioning and depressive symptomatology in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:360–366. doi: 10.1192/bjp.178.4.360.
    1. Grichnik KP, Ijsselmuiden AJ, D’Amico TA, Harpole DH, Jr, White WD, Blumenthal JA, Newman MF. Cognitive decline after major noncardiac operations: a preliminary prospective study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(5):1786–1791. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00992-3.
    1. Leung JM, Sands LP, Vaurio LE, Wang Y. Nitrous oxide does not change the incidence of postoperative delirium or cognitive decline in elderly surgical patients. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(6):754–760. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael106.
    1. Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, Rabbitt P, Jolles J, Larsen K, Hanning CD, Langeron O, Johnson T, Lauven PM, Kristensen PA, Biedler A, van Beem H, Fraidakis O, Silverstein JH, Beneken JE, Gravenstein JS. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998;351(9106):857–861. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07382-0.
    1. Monk TG, Weldon BC, Garvan CW, Dede DE, van der Aa MT, Heilman KM, Gravenstein JS. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(1):18–30. doi: 10.1097/01.anes.0000296071.19434.1e.
    1. Rodriguez RA, Tellier A, Grabowski J, Fazekas A, Turek M, Miller D, Wherrett C, Villeneuve PJ, Giachino A. Cognitive dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty: effects of intraoperative cerebral embolization and postoperative complications. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20(6):763–771. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2005.05.004.
    1. Simpson BR, Williams M, Scott JF, Smith AC. The effects of anesthesia and elective surgery on old people. Lancet. 1961;2(7208):887–893.
    1. Guay J. General anaesthesia does not contribute to long-term post-operative cognitive dysfunction in adults: a meta-analysis. Indian J Anaesth. 2011;55(4):358–363. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.84850.
    1. Mahajan VA, Ni Chonghaile M, Bokhari SA, Harte BH, Flynn NM, Laffey JG. Recovery of older patients undergoing ambulatory anaesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24(6):505–510. doi: 10.1017/S0265021506001980.
    1. Liu Y, Pan N, Ma Y, Zhang S, Guo W, Li H, Zhou J, Liu G, Gao M. Inhaled sevoflurane may promote progression of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a prospective, randomized parallel-group study. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345(5):355–360. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31825a674d.
    1. Schoen J, Husemann L, Tiemeyer C, Lueloh A, Sedemund-Adib B, Berger KU, Hueppe M, Heringlake M. Cognitive function after sevoflurane- vs propofol-based anaesthesia for on-pump cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(6):840–850. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer091.
    1. Kalimeris K, Kouni S, Kostopanagiotou G, Nomikos T, Fragopoulou E, Kakisis J, Vasdekis S, Matsota P, Pandazi A. Cognitive function and oxidative stress after carotid endarterectomy: comparison of propofol to sevoflurane anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27(6):1246–1252. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.12.009.
    1. Zou X, Liu F, Zhang X, Patterson TA, Callicott R, Liu S, Hanig JP, Paule MG, Slikker W, Jr, Wang C. Inhalation anesthetic-induced neuronal damage in the developing rhesus monkey. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011;33(5):592–597. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.06.003.
    1. Flick RP, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Wilder RT, Voigt RG, Olson MD, Sprung J, Weaver AL, Schroeder DR, Warner DO. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes after early exposure to anesthesia and surgery. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):e1053–e1061. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0351.
    1. Sprung J, Flick RP, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Barbaresi WJ, Bojanic K, Welch TL, Olson MD, Hanson AC, Schroeder DR, Wilder RT, Warner DO. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after early exposure to procedures requiring general anesthesia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(2):120–129. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.008.
    1. Wilder RT, Flick RP, Sprung J, Katusic SK, Barbaresi WJ, Mickelson C, Gleich SJ, Schroeder DR, Weaver AL, Warner DO. Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(4):796–804. doi: 10.1097/01.anes.0000344728.34332.5d.
    1. DiMaggio C, Sun LS, Kakavouli A, Byrne MW, Li G. A retrospective cohort study of the association of anesthesia and hernia repair surgery with behavioral and developmental disorders in young children. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2009;21(4):286–291. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3181a71f11.
    1. DiMaggio C, Sun LS, Li G. Early childhood exposure to anesthesia and risk of developmental and behavioral disorders in a sibling birth cohort. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(5):1143–1151. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182147f42.
    1. Ing C, DiMaggio C, Whitehouse A, Hegarty MK, Brady J, von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Davidson A, Wood AJ, Li G, Sun LS. Long-term differences in language and cognitive function after childhood exposure to anesthesia. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e476–e485. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3822.
    1. Block RI, Thomas JJ, Bayman EO, Choi JY, Kimble KK, Todd MM. Are anesthesia and surgery during infancy associated with altered academic performance during childhood? Anesthesiology. 2012;117(3):494–503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182644684.
    1. Hansen TG, Pedersen JK, Henneberg SW, Morton NS, Christensen K. Educational outcome in adolescence following pyloric stenosis repair before 3 months of age: a nationwide cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(10):883–890. doi: 10.1111/pan.12225.
    1. Hansen TG, Pedersen JK, Henneberg SW, Pedersen DA, Murray JC, Morton NS, Christensen K. Academic performance in adolescence after inguinal hernia repair in infancy: a nationwide cohort study. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(5):1076–1085. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31820e77a0.
    1. Rappaport BA, Suresh S, Hertz S, Evers AS, Orser BA. Anesthetic neurotoxicity—clinical implications of animal models. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):796–797. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1414786.
    1. Stipic SS, Carev M, Kardum G, Roje Z, Litre DM, Elezovic N. Are postoperative behavioural changes after adenotonsillectomy in children influenced by the type of anaesthesia? A randomised clinical study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(5):311–319. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000104.
    1. Davidson AJ, Disma N, de Graaff JC, Withington DE, Dorris L, Bell G, Stargatt R, Bellinger DC, Schuster T, Arnup SJ, Hardy P, Hunt RW, Takagi MJ, Giribaldi G, Hartmann PL, Salvo I, Morton NS, von Ungern Sternberg BS, Locatelli BG, Wilton N, Lynn A, Thomas JJ, Polaner D, Bagshaw O, Szmuk P, Absalom AR, Frawley G, Berde C, Ormond GD, Marmor J, McCann ME, Consortium GAS Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10015):239–250. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00608-X.
    1. Bortone L, Ingelmo P, Grossi S, Grattagliano C, Bricchi C, Barantani D, Sani E, Mergoni M. Emergence agitation in preschool children: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16(11):1138–1143.
    1. Picard V, Dumont L, Pellegrini M. Quality of recovery in children: sevoflurane versus propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44(3):307–310. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.440315.x.
    1. Shibata S, Shigeomi S, Sato W, Enzan K. Nitrous oxide administration during washout of sevoflurane improves postanesthetic agitation in children. J Anesth. 2005;19(2):160–163. doi: 10.1007/s00540-004-0294-9.
    1. Locatelli BG, Ingelmo PM, Emre S, Meroni V, Minardi C, Frawley G, Benigni A, Di Marco S, Spotti A, Busi I, Sonzogni V. Emergence delirium in children: a comparison of sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia using the Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(4):301–308. doi: 10.1111/pan.12038.
    1. Oofuvong M, Siripruekpong S, Naklongdee J, Hnookong R, Lakateb C. Comparison the incidence of emergence agitation between sevoflurane and desflurane after pediatric ambulatory urologic surgery. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96(11):1470–1475.
    1. Sethi S, Ghai B, Ram J, Wig J. Postoperative emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing cataract surgery—a comparison of desflurane and sevoflurane. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(12):1131–7.
    1. Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2638–2650. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281.
    1. Solt K, Cotten JF, Cimenser A, Wong KF, Chemali JJ, Brown EN. Methylphenidate actively induces emergence from general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(4):791–803. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31822e92e5.
    1. Taylor NE, Chemali JJ, Brown EN, Solt K. Activation of D1 dopamine receptors induces emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(1):30–39. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318278c896.
    1. National Institutes of Health. Reversal of general anesthesia with methylphenidate. . . Updated 19 Oct 2015. Accessed 2 Feb 2016.
    1. Zhang J, Tan H, Jiang W, Zuo Z. Amantadine alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction possibly by increasing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Anesthesiology. 2014;121(4):773–785. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000352.
    1. Saleh AJ, Tang GX, Hadi SM, Yan L, Chen MH, Duan KM, Tong J, Ouyang W. Preoperative cognitive intervention reduces cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:798–805. doi: 10.12659/MSM.893359.
    1. Magni G, Rosa IL, Melillo G, Savio A, Rosa G. A comparison between sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial intracranial surgery. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(2):567–571. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181ac1265.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever