Health effects of exposure to diesel exhaust in diesel-powered trains

Maria Helena Guerra Andersen, Marie Frederiksen, Anne Thoustrup Saber, Regitze Sølling Wils, Ana Sofia Fonseca, Ismo K Koponen, Sandra Johannesson, Martin Roursgaard, Steffen Loft, Peter Møller, Ulla Vogel, Maria Helena Guerra Andersen, Marie Frederiksen, Anne Thoustrup Saber, Regitze Sølling Wils, Ana Sofia Fonseca, Ismo K Koponen, Sandra Johannesson, Martin Roursgaard, Steffen Loft, Peter Møller, Ulla Vogel

Abstract

Background: Short-term controlled exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in chamber studies have shown mixed results on lung and systemic effects. There is a paucity of studies on well-characterized real-life DE exposure in humans. In the present study, 29 healthy volunteers were exposed to DE while sitting as passengers in diesel-powered trains. Exposure in electric trains was used as control scenario. Each train scenario consisted of three consecutive days (6 h/day) ending with biomarker samplings.

Results: Combustion-derived air pollutants were considerably higher in the passenger carriages of diesel trains compared with electric trains. The concentrations of black carbon and ultrafine particles were 8.5 μg/m3 and 1.2-1.8 × 105 particles/cm3 higher, respectively, in diesel as compared to electric trains. Net increases of NOx and NO2 concentrations were 317 μg/m3 and 36 μg/m3. Exposure to DE was associated with reduced lung function and increased levels of DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whereas there were unaltered levels of oxidatively damaged DNA, soluble cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins in blood and urinary excretion of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Also the microvascular function was unaltered. An increase in the low frequency of heart rate variability measures was observed, whereas time-domain measures were unaltered.

Conclusion: Exposure to DE inside diesel-powered trains for 3 days was associated with reduced lung function and systemic effects in terms of altered heart rate variability and increased levels of DNA strand breaks in PBMCs compared with electric trains.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.Gov ( NCT03104387 ). Registered on March 23rd 2017.

Keywords: Cardiovascular function; Comet assay; DNA damage; Diesel exhaust; Lung function; Train exposure.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Correlation between air pollution components in diesel and electric trains. The data corresponds to 63 (UFP and black carbon measured with NanoTracer equipment and Aethalometer, respectively) and 55 (UFP measured with DiscMini equipment) days of exposure. Nitrogen oxides were measured over 3 days, corresponding to 18 periods
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Lung function parameters after exposure in electric and diesel trains. The circles in grey represent individual lung function parameters for electric train (one exposure scenario) or diesel train (mean of two exposure scenarios). The dark line represents the mixed-effects model without adjustments. Lower levels of FEV1 and PEF were observed on group level (solid symbols) after exposure in diesel trains (p < 0.05)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Low frequency (LF) component of heart rate variability measured after exposure in electric and diesel trains. The circles in grey represent LF measurements in electric train (one exposure scenario) or diesel train (mean of two exposure scenarios). The dark line represents the mixed-effects model without adjustments. Higher LF levels were observed on group level (solid symbols) after exposure in diesel trains (p < 0.05)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exposure in electric and diesel trains. The circles in grey represent DNA strand breaks in electric train (one exposure scenario) or diesel train (mean of two exposure scenarios). The dark line represents the mixed-effects model without adjustments. Higher levels of DNA strand breaks were observed on group level (solid symbols) after exposure in diesel trains (p < 0.05)

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