Evaluation of dentinal tubule occlusion and depth of penetration of nano-hydroxyapatite derived from chicken eggshell powder with and without addition of sodium fluoride: An in vitro study

Divya Kunam, Sujatha Manimaran, Vidhya Sampath, Mahalaxmi Sekar, Divya Kunam, Sujatha Manimaran, Vidhya Sampath, Mahalaxmi Sekar

Abstract

Aim: This in vitro study evaluated the degree of dentinal tubule occlusion and depth of penetration of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) derived from chicken eggshell powder with and without the addition of 2% sodium fluoride (NaF) using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).

Materials and methods: nHAp was synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction and SEM-energy dispersive spectroscopy. Dentin discs were obtained from extracted teeth, pretreated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 5 min and were divided into four groups based on the experimental agents as follows: Group 1: Untreated (control), Group 2: 2% NaF, Group 3: nHAp, Group 4: Combination of nHAp and 2% NaF. The treatment protocol was carried out for 7 days, after which the specimens were viewed under SEM and CLSM.

Statistical analysis used: One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05).

Results: All the experimental agents occluded the dentinal tubules, but to varying degrees and depths. Specimens treated with the combination of nHAp and 2% NaF showed complete dentinal tubular occlusion and significantly greater depth of penetration than those treated with nHAp and 2% NaF alone.

Conclusion: The combination of nHAp and 2% NaF was the most effective in occluding dentinal tubules.

Keywords: Dentin hypersensitivity; desensitizing agents; eggshells; hydroxyapatite; sodium fluoride; tubule occlusion.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scanning electron micrographs of specimens treated with (a) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid showing open dentinal tubules, (b) 2% sodium fluoride showing partial occlusion of dentinal tubules (arrows), (c) nano-hydroxyapatite showing a predominantly higher number of tubular occlusion and partial coverage of the dentinal surface with film or precipitate, (d) combination of nano-hydroxyapatite and 2% sodium fluoride showing complete occlusion of all the dentinal tubules; presence of a protective film and agglomerated precipitates (arrows) on the surface
Figure 2
Figure 2
Confocal laser scanning microscope images of specimens treated with, (a) 2% sodium fluoride, (b) nano-hydroxyapatite and (c) combination of nano-hydroxyapatite and 2% sodium fluoride showing the penetration of the fluorescent labeled experimental agents into the dentinal tubules

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