An Update on the Tissue Renin Angiotensin System and Its Role in Physiology and Pathology

Ali Nehme, Fouad A Zouein, Zeinab Deris Zayeri, Kazem Zibara, Ali Nehme, Fouad A Zouein, Zeinab Deris Zayeri, Kazem Zibara

Abstract

In its classical view, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was defined as an endocrinesystem involved in blood pressure regulation and body electrolyte balance. However, the emergingconcept of tissue RAS, along with the discovery of new RAS components, increased thephysiological and clinical relevance of the system. Indeed, RAS has been shown to be expressed invarious tissues where alterations in its expression were shown to be involved in multiple diseasesincluding atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and renal fibrosis. In thischapter, we describe the new components of RAS, their tissue-specific expression, and theiralterations under pathological conditions, which will help achieve more tissue- and conditionspecifictreatments.

Keywords: expression; physiology; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; tissue.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
RAS components. Colors correspond to different arms of RAS: Orange, Angiotensin-I; pink, Angiotensin-(1–12); red, Angiotensin-II; green, Angiotensin-(1–7); Blue, Angiotensin III/VI; violet, Alamandine. Proteins are represented by the corresponding official gene symbols. The figure was adapted from Nehme et al. 2015 [7].
Figure 2
Figure 2
A specific combination of locally expressed RAS enzymes in a tissue results in the production of a specific combination of peptides that can bind to their corresponding receptors, leading to a locally balanced paracrine/autocrine effect that plays a role in tissue physiology and homeostasis. A change in local balance of RAS components will consequently lead to pathophysiological consequences.

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