Incidence and Risk Factors of Hypogonadism in Male Patients With Latent Autoimmune Diabetes and Classic Type 2 Diabetes

Meili Cai, Ran Cui, Peng Yang, Jingyang Gao, Xiaoyun Cheng, Chunjun Sheng, Hong Li, Hui Sheng, Shen Qu, Manna Zhang, Meili Cai, Ran Cui, Peng Yang, Jingyang Gao, Xiaoyun Cheng, Chunjun Sheng, Hong Li, Hui Sheng, Shen Qu, Manna Zhang

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of hypogonadism between male patients with latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and investigate the risk factors for hypogonadism in these patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 367 male patients with LADA (n=73) and T2DM (n=294) who visited the endocrinology department of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital between January 2016 and October 2019 for diabetes management. Sex hormones, lipid profiles, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, beta-cell function, uric acid, and osteocalcin were determined in serum samples. Hypogonadism was defined as calculated free testosterone (cFT) less than 220 pmol/L along with the presence of symptoms (positive ADAM score).

Results: The rate of hypogonadism in the LADA and T2DM group were 8.2, and 21.7%, respectively (p=0.017). After adjusting possible confounders, the rate of hypogonadism in the LADA group was comparable to those of the T2DM group. Univariate logistic regressions demonstrated that age, BMI, fasting C-peptide, triglycerides, total cholesterol and uric acid were associated with hypogonadism in men with diabetes, BMI, triglycerides and estradiol were independent risk for hypogonadism in men with diabetes.

Conclusion: This is the first evidence to explore the rate of hypogonadism in male patients with latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA). In the population requiring admission to a large urban hospital in China, the rate of hypogonadism was comparable to those of the T2DM group after adjusting for possible confounders. BMI, triglycerides and estradiol were independently associated with the presence of HH in male diabetic patients.

Keywords: adult latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA); hypogonadism; low testosterone in men with diabetes; risk factors; type 2 diabetes.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Cai, Cui, Yang, Gao, Cheng, Sheng, Li, Sheng, Qu and Zhang.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) The incidence rates of hypogonadism in the LADA and T2DM groups (8.2% vs 21.7%, P=0.017); (B) The incidence rates of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in the LADA and T2DM groups (6.8% vs 17.6%, P=0.019); (C) The incidence rates of primary hypogonadism in the LADA and T2DM groups (1.4% vs 4.1%, P=0.318). The symbol “*” indicates statistical significance.

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