The Human Microbiota and Obesity: A Literature Systematic Review of In Vivo Models and Technical Approaches

Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar, Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Noel N Franco-Arroyo, Juan M Viveros-Paredes, Adelaida S Zepeda-Morales, Rocio I Lopez-Roa, Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar, Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Noel N Franco-Arroyo, Juan M Viveros-Paredes, Adelaida S Zepeda-Morales, Rocio I Lopez-Roa

Abstract

Obesity is a noncommunicable disease that affects a considerable part of humanity. Recently, it has been recognized that gut microbiota constitutes a fundamental factor in the triggering and development of a large number of pathologies, among which obesity is one of the most related to the processes of dysbiosis. In this review, different animal model approaches, methodologies, and genome scale metabolic databases were revisited to study the gut microbiota and its relationship with metabolic disease. As a data source, PubMed for English-language published material from 1 January 2013, to 22 August 2018, were screened. Some previous studies were included if they were considered classics or highly relevant. Studies that included innovative technical approaches or different in vivo or in vitro models for the study of the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity were selected after a 16-different-keyword exhaustive search. A clear panorama of the current available options for the study of microbiota's influence on obesity, both for animal model election and technical approaches, is presented to the researcher. All the knowledge generated from the study of the microbiota opens the possibility of considering fecal transplantation as a relevant therapeutic alternative for obesity and other metabolic disease treatment.

Keywords: animal model; human; inflammatory disease; microbiota; obesity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Primary possibilities for microbiota research. To understand the roles and interactions of the microbiota, we can start from the animal sources for (a) the development of an in vivo model and to obtain samples such as feces or microbiota from the gut, and (b) to obtain gut regions and to develop in vitro continuous organ cultures that mimic the biological environment. Likewise, once the samples from the animal models are obtained, (c) culturomics can be used as a powerful approach to identify the uncultured members of the gut, search for differences between species at more than the phylum level, and generate results more quickly by coupling tools such as (d) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight (MALDI–TOF) to generate valid and reproducible results. On the other hand, for both the culture and samples, the researcher can use (e) the metagenomics approach, which can be divided into two main techniques: (f) The 16S ribosomal sequence amplification, which provides information related to phyla and the abundance in the sample, or (g) whole microbial DNA sequencing, which provides more information than simply the phylum or abundance, showing the relationship between microbial enzymes, metabolic pathways, or genetic expression, and diseases such as obesity and others. This figure was made using Creative Commons resources and cannot be copyrighted by others.

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