T-regulatory cell modulation: the future of cancer immunotherapy?

S Nizar, J Copier, B Meyer, M Bodman-Smith, C Galustian, D Kumar, A Dalgleish, S Nizar, J Copier, B Meyer, M Bodman-Smith, C Galustian, D Kumar, A Dalgleish

Abstract

T-regulatory cells suppress anti-tumour immunity in cancer patients and in murine tumour models. Furthermore, their activity is likely to have an effect on the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic treatments for cancer. Here we describe the current status of developing clinical strategies for modulating Treg activity in cancer patients.

References

    1. Ahmadzadeh M, Rosenberg SA (2006) IL-2 administration increases CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in cancer patients. Blood 107: 2409–2414
    1. Attia P, Maker AV, Haworth LR, Rogers-Freezer L, Rosenberg SA (2005a) Inability of a fusion protein of IL-2 and diphtheria toxin (Denileukin Diftitox, DAB389IL-2, ONTAK) to eliminate regulatory T lymphocytes in patients with melanoma. J Immunother (1997) 28: 582–592
    1. Attia P, Phan GQ, Maker AV, Robinson MR, Quezado MM, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Kammula US, Royal RE, Restifo NP, Haworth LR, Levy C, Mavroukakis SA, Nichol G, Yellin MJ, Rosenberg SA (2005b) Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. J Clin Oncol 23: 6043–6053
    1. Attia P, Powell Jr DJ, Maker AV, Kreitman RJ, Pastan I, Rosenberg SA (2006) Selective elimination of human regulatory T lymphocytes in vitro with the recombinant immunotoxin LMB-2. J Immunother (1997) 29: 208–214
    1. Audia S, Nicolas A, Cathelin D, Larmonier N, Ferrand C, Foucher P, Fanton A, Bergoin E, Maynadie M, Arnould L, Bateman A, Lorcerie B, Solary E, Chauffert B, Bonnotte B (2007) Increase of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic carcinoma: a Phase I clinical trial using cyclophosphamide and immunotherapy to eliminate CD4+ CD25+ T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 150: 523–530
    1. Barni S, Lissoni P, Paolorossi F, Rescaldani R, Crispino S, Archili C, Cattaneo G, Tancini G (1991) Mitoxantrone as a single agent in pretreated metastatic breast cancer: effects on T lymphocyte subsets and their relation to clinical response. Tumori 77: 227–231
    1. Beyer M, Kochanek M, Darabi K, Popov A, Jensen M, Endl E, Knolle PA, Thomas RK, Bergwelt-Baildon M, Debey S, Hallek M, Schultze JL (2005) Reduced frequencies and suppressive function of CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after therapy with fludarabine. Blood 106: 2018–2025
    1. Carrier Y, Yuan J, Kuchroo VK, Weiner HL (2007) Th3 cells in peripheral tolerance. I. Induction of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells by Th3 cells derived from TGF-beta T cell-transgenic mice. J Immunol 178: 179–185
    1. Chen J, Schmitt A, Giannopoulos K, Chen B, Rojewski M, Dohner H, Bunjes D, Schmitt M (2007) Imatinib impairs the proliferation and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Int J Oncol 31: 1133–1139
    1. Correale P, Cusi MG, Tsang KY, Del Vecchio MT, Marsili S, Placa ML, Intrivici C, Aquino A, Micheli L, Nencini C, Ferrari F, Giorgi G, Bonmassar E, Francini G (2005) Chemo-Immunotherapy of Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma With Gemcitabine Plus FOLFOX 4 Followed by Subcutaneous Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin-2 Induces Strong Immunologic and Antitumor Activity in Metastatic Colon Cancer Patients. J Clin Oncol 23: 8950–8958
    1. Cranmer LD, Hersh E (2007) The role of the CTLA4 blockade in the treatment of malignant melanoma. Cancer Invest 25: 613–631
    1. Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, Evdemon-Hogan M, Conejo-Garcia JR, Zhang L, Burow M, Zhu Y, Wei S, Kryczek I, Daniel B, Gordon A, Myers L, Lackner A, Disis ML, Knutson KL, Chen L, Zou W (2004) Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med 10: 942–949
    1. Dang NH, Pro B, Hagemeister FB, Samaniego F, Jones D, Samuels BI, Rodriguez MA, Goy A, Romaguera JE, McLaughlin P, Tong AT, Turturro F, Walker PL, Fayad L (2007) Phase II trial of denileukin diftitox for relapsed/refractory T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 136: 439–447
    1. Dannull J, Su Z, Rizzieri D, Yang BK, Coleman D, Yancey D, Zhang A, Dahm P, Chao N, Gilboa E, Vieweg J (2005) Enhancement of vaccine-mediated antitumor immunity in cancer patients after depletion of regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 115: 3623–3633
    1. Fritzsching B, Oberle N, Eberhardt N, Quick S, Haas J, Wildemann B, Krammer PH, Suri-Payer E (2005) Cutting edge: in contrast to effector T cells, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are highly susceptible to CD95 ligand- but not to -mediated cell death. J Immunol 175: 32–36
    1. Galustian C, Meyer B, Labarthe MC, Dredge K, Klaschka D, Henry J, Todryk S, Chen R, Muller G, Stirling D, Schafer P, Bartlett JB, Dalgleish AG (2008) The anti-cancer agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide inhibit the proliferation and function of T regulatory cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother doi:10.1007/s00262-008-0620-4,
    1. Ghiringhelli F, Larmonier N, Schmitt E, Parcellier A, Cathelin D, Garrido C, Chauffert B, Solary E, Bonnotte B, Martin F (2004) CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative. Eur J Immunol 34: 336–344
    1. Ghiringhelli F, Menard C, Puig PE, Ladoire S, Roux S, Martin F, Solary E, Le Cesne A, Zitvogel L, Chauffert B (2007) Metronomic cyclophosphamide regimen selectively depletes CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and restores T and NK effector functions in end stage cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 56: 641–648
    1. Groux H, O′Garra A, Bigler M, Rouleau M, Antonenko S, de Vries JE, Roncarolo MG (1997) A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. Nature 389: 737–742
    1. Hegde U, Chhabra A, Chattopadhyay S, Das R, Ray S, Chakraborty NG (2008) Presence of low dose of fludarabine in cultures blocks regulatory T cell expansion and maintains tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity generated with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Pathobiology 75: 200–208
    1. Hipp MM, Hilf N, Walter S, Werth D, Kanz L, Weinschenk T, Singh H, Brossart P (2007) Sorafenib but not sunitib affects the induction of immune responses. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). J Clin Oncol Vol 25: 3504 No 18S (June 20 Supplement)
    1. Hodi FS, Mihm MC, Soiffer RJ, Haluska FG, Butler M, Seiden MV, Davis T, Henry-Spires R, MacRae S, Willman A, Padera R, Jaklitsch MT, Shanker S, Chen TC, Korman A, Allison JP, Dranoff G (2003) Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarin carcinoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 4712–4717
    1. Kim JD, Choi BK, Bae JS, Lee UH, Han IS, Lee HW, Youn BS, Vinay DS, Kwon BS (2003) Cloning and characterization of GITR ligand. Genes Immun 4: 564–569
    1. Ko K, Yamazaki S, Nakamura K, Nishioka T, Hirota K, Yamaguchi T, Shimizu J, Nomura T, Chiba T, Sakaguchi S (2005) Treatment of advanced tumors with agonistic anti-GITR mAb and its effects on tumor-infiltrating Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 202: 885–891
    1. Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, White JD, Stetler-Stevenson M, Jaffe ES, Giardina S, Waldmann TA, Pastan I (2000) Phase I trial of recombinant immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2) in patients with hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 18: 1622–1636
    1. Kuzel TM, Li S, Eklund J, Foss F, Gascoyne R, Abramson N, Schwerkoske JF, Weller E, Horning SJ (2007) Phase II study of denileukin diftitox for previously treated indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of E1497. Leuk Lymphoma 48: 2397–2402
    1. Levitt ML, Kassem B, Gooding WE, Miketic LM, Landreneau RJ, Ferson PF, Keenan R, Yousem SA, Lindberg CA, Trenn MR, Ponas RS, Tarasoff P, Sabatine JM, Friberg D, Whiteside TL (2004) Phase I study of gemcitabine given weekly as a short infusion for non-small cell lung cancer: results and possible immune system-related mechanisms. Lung Cancer 43: 335–344
    1. Lonnroth C, Andersson M, Arvidsson A, Nordgren S, Brevinge H, Lagerstedt K, Lundholm K (2008) Preoperative treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) increases tumor tissue infiltration of seemingly activated immune cells in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immun 8: 5.
    1. Lord R, Nair S, Schache A, Spicer J, Somaihah N, Khoo V, Pandha H (2007) Low dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide for hormone resistant prostate cancer: a Phase II study. J Urol 177: 2136–2140
    1. Lutsiak MEC, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SVS, Schlom J, Sabzevari H (2005) Inhibition of CD4+25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood 105: 2862–2868
    1. Mahnke K, Schonfeld K, Fondel S, Ring S, Karakhanova S, Wiedemeyer K, Bedke T, Johnson TS, Storn V, Schallenberg S, Enk AH (2007) Depletion of CD4+CD25+ human regulatory T cells in vivo: kinetics of Treg depletion and alterations in immune functions in vivo and in vitro. Int J Cancer 120: 2723–2733
    1. Maker AV, Attia P, Rosenberg SA (2005a) Analysis of the cellular mechanism of antitumor responses and autoimmunity in patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade. J Immunol 175: 7746–7754
    1. Maker AV, Phan GQ, Attia P, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Kammula US, Royal RE, Haworth LR, Levy C, Kleiner D, Mavroukakis SA, Yellin M, Rosenberg SA (2005b) Tumor regression and autoimmunity in patients treated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and interleukin 2: a phase I/II study. Ann Surg Oncol 12: 1005–1016
    1. Menard C, Ghiringhelli F, Roux S, Chaput N, Mateus C, Grohmann U, Caillat-Zucman S, Zitvogel L, Robert C (2008) Ctla-4 blockade confers lymphocyte resistance to regulatory T-cells in advanced melanoma: surrogate marker of efficacy of tremelimumab? Clin Cancer Res 14: 5242–5249
    1. Passalacqua R, Buti S, Lazzarelli (2008) Bevacizumab (B) plus low-doses immunotherapy (IT) plus chemotherapy (CT) (BIC) in metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC): Antitumor effects and variations of T-regulatory cells (Treg) and other T lymphocytes subsets. A study of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (GOIRC). J Clin Oncol 26 (May 20 Suppl; abstract 5121)
    1. Peng G, Guo Z, Kiniwa Y, Voo KS, Peng W, Fu T, Wang DY, Li Y, Wang HY, Wang RF (2005) Toll-like receptor 8-mediated reversal of CD4+ regulatory T cell function. Science 309: 1380–1384
    1. Phan GQ, Weber JS, Sondak VK (2008) CTLA-4 blockade with monoclonal antibodies in patients with metastatic cancer: surgical issues. Ann Surg Oncol 15: 3014–3021
    1. Piconese S, Valzasina B, Colombo MP (2008) OX40 triggering blocks suppression by regulatory T cells and facilitates tumor rejection. J Exp Med 205: 825–839
    1. Plate JM, Plate AE, Shott S, Bograd S, Harris JE (2005) Effect of gemcitabine on immune cells in subjects with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 54: 915–925
    1. Powell Jr DJ, de Vries CR, Allen T, Ahmadzadeh M, Rosenberg SA (2007a) Inability to mediate prolonged reduction of regulatory T Cells after transfer of autologous CD25-depleted PBMC and interleukin-2 after lymphodepleting chemotherapy. J Immunother 30: 438–447
    1. Powell Jr DJ, Felipe-Silva A, Merino MJ, Ahmadzadeh M, Allen T, Levy C, White DE, Mavroukakis S, Kreitman RJ, Rosenberg SA, Pastan I (2007b) Administration of a CD25-directed immunotoxin, LMB-2, to patients with metastatic melanoma induces a selective partial reduction in regulatory T cells in vivo. J Immunol 179: 4919–4928
    1. Roncarolo MG, Gregori S, Battaglia M, Bacchetta R, Fleischhauer K, Levings MK (2006) Interleukin-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T cells in rodents and humans. Immunol Rev 212: 28–50
    1. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Weber JS, Parkinson DR, Seipp CA, Einhorn JH, White DE (1994) Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 271: 907–913
    1. Saenger YM, Wolchok JD (2008) The heterogeneity of the kinetics of response to ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma: patient cases. Cancer Immun 8: 1
    1. Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M, Itoh M, Toda M (1995) Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 155: 1151–1164
    1. Sanderson K, Scotland R, Lee P, Liu D, Groshen S, Snively J, Sian S, Nichol G, Davis T, Keler T, Yellin M, Weber J (2005) Autoimmunity in a phase I trial of a fully human anti-cytotoxic antigen-4 monoclonal antibody with multiple melanoma peptides and Montanide ISA 51 for patients with resected stages III and IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 23: 741–750
    1. Suzuki E, Kapoor V, Jassar AS, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM (2005) Gemcitabine Selectively Eliminates Splenic Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid suppressor cells in tumor-bearing animals and enhances antitumor immune activity. Clin Cancer Res 11: 6713–6721
    1. Talpur R, Jones DM, Alencar AJ, Apisarnthanarax N, Herne KL, Yang Y, Duvic M (2006) CD25 Expression Is Correlated with Histological Grade and Response to Denileukin Diftitox in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 126: 575–583
    1. Turk MJ, Guevara-Patino JA, Rizzuto GA, Engelhorn ME, Sakaguchi S, Houghton AN (2004) Concomitant tumor immunity to a poorly immunogenic melanoma is prevented by regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 200: 771–782
    1. Tzankov A, Meier C, Hirschmann P, Went P, Pileri SA, Dirnhofer S (2008) Correlation of high numbers of intratumoral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells with improved survival in germinal center-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and classical Hodgkin′s lymphoma. Haematologica 93: 193–200
    1. Wei S, Kryczek I, Edwards RP, Zou L, Szeliga W, Banerjee M, Cost M, Cheng P, Chang A, Redman B, Herberman RB, Zou W (2007) Interleukin-2 Administration Alters the CD4+FOXP3+ T-cell pool and tumor trafficking in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 67: 7487–7494
    1. Weinberg AD, Rivera MM, Prell R, Morris A, Ramstad T, Vetto JT, Urba WJ, Alvord G, Bunce C, Shields J (2000) Engagement of the OX-40 receptor in vivo enhances antitumor immunity. J Immunol 164: 2160–2169
    1. Yaqub S, Henjum K, Mahic M, Jahnsen FL, Aandahl EM, Bjornbeth BA, Tasken K (2007) Regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer patients suppress anti-tumor immune activity in a COX-2 dependent manner. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57(6): 813–821
    1. Zhou G, Levitsky HI (2007) Natural regulatory T cells and de novo-induced regulatory T cells contribute independently to tumor-specific tolerance. J Immunol 178: 2155–2162

Source: PubMed

3
Se inscrever