Impact of admission hyperglycemia on short and long-term prognosis in acute myocardial infarction: MINOCA versus MIOCA

Abstract

Background: The prognostic role of hyperglycemia in patients with myocardial infarction and obstructive coronary arteries (MIOCA) is acknowledged, while data on non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) are still lacking. Recently, we demonstrated that admission stress-hyperglycemia (aHGL) was associated with a larger infarct size and inflammatory response in MIOCA, while no differences were observed in MINOCA. We aim to investigate the impact of aHGL on short and long-term outcomes in MIOCA and MINOCA patients.

Methods: Multicenter, population-based, cohort study of the prospective registry, designed to evaluate the prognostic information of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction to S. Orsola-Malpighi and Maggiore Hospitals of Bologna metropolitan area. Among 2704 patients enrolled from 2016 to 2020, 2431 patients were classified according to the presence of aHGL (defined as admission glucose level ≥ 140 mg/dL) and AMI phenotype (MIOCA/MINOCA): no-aHGL (n = 1321), aHGL (n = 877) in MIOCA and no-aHGL (n = 195), aHGL (n = 38) in MINOCA. Short-term outcomes included in-hospital death and arrhythmias. Long-term outcomes were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Results: aHGL was associated with a higher in-hospital arrhythmic burden in MINOCA and MIOCA, with increased in-hospital mortality only in MIOCA. After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, Killip class and AMI phenotypes, aHGL predicted higher in-hospital mortality in non-diabetic (HR = 4.2; 95% CI 1.9-9.5, p = 0.001) and diabetic patients (HR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.5-8.2, p = 0.003). During long-term follow-up, aHGL was associated with 2-fold increased mortality in MIOCA and a 4-fold increase in MINOCA (p = 0.032 and p = 0.016). Kaplan Meier 3-year survival of non-hyperglycemic patients was greater than in aHGL patients for both groups. No differences in survival were found between hyperglycemic MIOCA and MINOCA patients. After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, smoking, LVEF, STEMI/NSTEMI and AMI phenotypes (MIOCA/MINOCA), aHGL predicted higher long-term mortality.

Conclusions: aHGL was identified as a strong predictor of adverse short- and long-term outcomes in both MIOCA and MINOCA, regardless of diabetes. aHGL should be considered a high-risk prognostic marker in all AMI patients, independently of the underlying coronary anatomy. Trial registration data were part of the ongoing observational study AMIPE: Acute Myocardial Infarction, Prognostic and Therapeutic Evaluation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03883711.

Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction; Long-term prognosis; MINOCA; MIOCA; Short-term prognosis; Stress-hyperglycemia.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2021. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1

Kaplan–Meier survival curves in AMI patients with and without hyperglycemia. A All-cause mortality. Significant pairwise differences were found for MINOCA with and without hyperglycemia (p < 0.01), MIOCA with and without hyperglycemia (p < 0.001); MIOCA with hyperglycemia and MINOCA without hyperglycemia, (p < 0.05), MINOCA with hyperglycemia and MIOCA without hyperglycemia (p < 0.001), B cardiovascular mortality MIOCA with hyperglycemia and MINOCA without hyperglycemia (p = 0.011), MINOCA with hyperglycemia and MIOCA without hyperglycemia (p < 0.01), MINOCA with and without hyperglycemia (p = 0.0011), MIOCA with and without hyperglycemia (p < 0.001)

Fig. 2

Predicted probability of all-cause death per groups according to admission blood glucose levels presented as continuous variable. MIOCA: red curve; MINOCA: blue curve