Probiotic Gastrointestinal Transit and Colonization After Oral Administration: A Long Journey

Shengyi Han, Yanmeng Lu, Jiaojiao Xie, Yiqiu Fei, Guiwen Zheng, Ziyuan Wang, Jie Liu, Longxian Lv, Zongxin Ling, Björn Berglund, Mingfei Yao, Lanjuan Li, Shengyi Han, Yanmeng Lu, Jiaojiao Xie, Yiqiu Fei, Guiwen Zheng, Ziyuan Wang, Jie Liu, Longxian Lv, Zongxin Ling, Björn Berglund, Mingfei Yao, Lanjuan Li

Abstract

Orally administered probiotics encounter various challenges on their journey through the mouth, stomach, intestine and colon. The health benefits of probiotics are diminished mainly due to the substantial reduction of viable probiotic bacteria under the harsh conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and the colonization resistance caused by commensal bacteria. In this review, we illustrate the factors affecting probiotic viability and their mucoadhesive properties through their journey in the gastrointestinal tract, including a discussion on various mucosadhesion-related proteins on the probiotic cell surface which facilitate colonization.

Keywords: adhesion; colonization; colonization resistance; gut microbiota; probiotics.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Han, Lu, Xie, Fei, Zheng, Wang, Liu, Lv, Ling, Berglund, Yao and Li.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Various factors affect the viability of probiotics during gastrointestinal transit, including gastric acid, digestive enzymes, bile acids in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and colonization resistance caused by commensal bacteria in the colon.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The composition of the mucus layer and association with probiotic surface proteins. Goblet cells are scattered between absorptive cells, which can secret mucus that cover the entire small intestinal cavity. The mucus is mainly composed of mucins which are rich in cysteine. The extensive disulfide bonds between mucins form the characteristic viscoelastic properties of mucus. The specific proteins on the surface of probiotics play an important role in probiotic adhesion to mucus. Mucus-binding proteins for example, can bind to the mucus layer through interactions with glycosyl modifications of mucin.

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